diff --git a/.changeset/rich-wombats-flash.md b/.changeset/rich-wombats-flash.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d30acaa595a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/rich-wombats-flash.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+'@sveltejs/kit': major
+---
+
+breaking: remove `adapter.emulate`
diff --git a/.changeset/short-chefs-stare.md b/.changeset/short-chefs-stare.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..32bf84b5b390
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/short-chefs-stare.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+'@sveltejs/kit': major
+---
+
+feat: use the Vite Environment API in development, preview, build analysis and prerendering
diff --git a/.changeset/tidy-toes-sort.md b/.changeset/tidy-toes-sort.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d30a43e3e07a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/tidy-toes-sort.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+'@sveltejs/kit': major
+---
+
+breaking: move `adapter` option from `svelte.config.js` to the SvelteKit Vite plugin in `vite.config.js`
diff --git a/documentation/docs/25-build-and-deploy/20-adapters.md b/documentation/docs/25-build-and-deploy/20-adapters.md
index 0e6062a5101a..489a9fb19c08 100644
--- a/documentation/docs/25-build-and-deploy/20-adapters.md
+++ b/documentation/docs/25-build-and-deploy/20-adapters.md
@@ -16,32 +16,34 @@ Additional [community-provided adapters](/packages#sveltekit-adapters) exist for
 
 ## Using adapters
 
-Your adapter is specified in `svelte.config.js`:
+Your adapter is specified in `vite.config.js`:
 
 ```js
-/// file: svelte.config.js
+/// file: vite.config.js
 // @filename: ambient.d.ts
 declare module 'svelte-adapter-foo' {
-	const adapter: (opts: any) => import('@sveltejs/kit').Adapter;
+	const adapter: (opts?: any) => import('@sveltejs/kit').Adapter;
 	export default adapter;
 }
 
 // @filename: index.js
 // ---cut---
-import adapter from 'svelte-adapter-foo';
-
-/** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */
-const config = {
-	kit: {
-		adapter: adapter({
-			// adapter options go here
+import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
+import { defineConfig } from 'vite';
++++import adapter from 'svelte-adapter-foo';+++
+
+export default defineConfig({
+	plugins: [
+		sveltekit({
+			+++adapter: adapter()+++
 		})
-	}
-};
-
-export default config;
+	]
+});
 ```
 
+> [!LEGACY]
+> The `adapter` option was moved to the SvelteKit Vite plugin in SvelteKit 3.0.0. In earlier versions, you had to add it to the `kit` property in the `svelte.config.js` file instead.
+
 ## Platform-specific context
 
 Some adapters may have access to additional information about the request. For example, Cloudflare Workers can access an `env` object containing KV namespaces etc. This can be passed to the `RequestEvent` used in [hooks](hooks) and [server routes](routing#server) as the `platform` property — consult each adapter's documentation to learn more.
diff --git a/documentation/docs/25-build-and-deploy/40-adapter-node.md b/documentation/docs/25-build-and-deploy/40-adapter-node.md
index 70f3ce553af5..49baf196ad41 100644
--- a/documentation/docs/25-build-and-deploy/40-adapter-node.md
+++ b/documentation/docs/25-build-and-deploy/40-adapter-node.md
@@ -6,23 +6,23 @@ To generate a standalone Node server, use [`adapter-node`](https://github.com/sv
 
 ## Usage
 
-Install with `npm i -D @sveltejs/adapter-node`, then add the adapter to your `svelte.config.js`:
+Install with `npm i -D @sveltejs/adapter-node`, then add the adapter to your `vite.config.js`:
 
 ```js
 // @errors: 2307
-/// file: svelte.config.js
+/// file: vite.config.js
 import adapter from '@sveltejs/adapter-node';
+import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
+import { defineConfig } from 'vite';
 
-/** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */
-const config = {
-	kit: {
-		adapter: adapter()
-	}
-};
-
-export default config;
+export default defineConfig({
+	plugins: [sveltekit({ adapter: adapter() })]
+});
 ```
 
+> [!LEGACY]
+> The `adapter` option was moved to the SvelteKit Vite plugin in SvelteKit 3.0.0. In earlier versions, you had to add it to the `kit` property in the `svelte.config.js` file instead.
+
 ## Deploying
 
 First, build your app with `npm run build`. This will create the production server in the output directory specified in the adapter options, defaulting to `build`.
@@ -150,22 +150,23 @@ The adapter can be configured with various options:
 
 ```js
 // @errors: 2307
-/// file: svelte.config.js
+/// file: vite.config.js
 import adapter from '@sveltejs/adapter-node';
-
-/** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */
-const config = {
-	kit: {
-		adapter: adapter({
-			// default options are shown
-			out: 'build',
-			precompress: true,
-			envPrefix: ''
-		})
-	}
-};
-
-export default config;
+import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
+import { defineConfig } from 'vite';
+
+export default defineConfig({
+  plugins: [
+    sveltekit({
+      adapter: adapter({
+        // default options are shown
+        out: 'build',
+        precompress: true,
+        envPrefix: ''
+      })
+    })
+  ]
+});
 ```
 
 ### out
diff --git a/documentation/docs/25-build-and-deploy/50-adapter-static.md b/documentation/docs/25-build-and-deploy/50-adapter-static.md
index 52263273e59d..0e4daa566d6e 100644
--- a/documentation/docs/25-build-and-deploy/50-adapter-static.md
+++ b/documentation/docs/25-build-and-deploy/50-adapter-static.md
@@ -8,28 +8,29 @@ This will prerender your entire site as a collection of static files. If you'd l
 
 ## Usage
 
-Install with `npm i -D @sveltejs/adapter-static`, then add the adapter to your `svelte.config.js`:
+Install with `npm i -D @sveltejs/adapter-static`, then add the adapter to your `vite.config.js`:
 
 ```js
-/// file: svelte.config.js
+/// file: vite.config.js
 import adapter from '@sveltejs/adapter-static';
-
-/** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */
-const config = {
-	kit: {
-		adapter: adapter({
-			// default options are shown. On some platforms
-			// these options are set automatically — see below
-			pages: 'build',
-			assets: 'build',
-			fallback: undefined,
-			precompress: false,
-			strict: true
-		})
-	}
-};
-
-export default config;
+import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
+import { defineConfig } from 'vite';
+
+export default defineConfig({
+  plugins: [
+    sveltekit({
+      adapter: adapter({
+        // default options are shown. On some platforms
+        // these options are set automatically — see below
+        pages: 'build',
+        assets: 'build',
+        fallback: undefined,
+        precompress: false,
+        strict: true
+      })
+    })
+  ]
+});
 ```
 
 ...and add the [`prerender`](page-options#prerender) option to your root layout:
@@ -46,6 +47,9 @@ export const prerender = true;
 
 > [!NOTE] You must ensure SvelteKit's [`ssr`](page-options#ssr) option isn't set to `false`. Otherwise, prerendering will save an empty 'shell' page instead of the fully rendered content.
 
+> [!LEGACY]
+> The `adapter` option was moved to the SvelteKit Vite plugin in SvelteKit 3.0.0. In earlier versions, you had to add it to the `kit` property in the `svelte.config.js` file instead.
+
 ## Zero-config support
 
 Some platforms have zero-config support (more to come in future):
@@ -55,17 +59,18 @@ Some platforms have zero-config support (more to come in future):
 On these platforms, you should omit the adapter options so that `adapter-static` can provide the optimal configuration:
 
 ```js
-/// file: svelte.config.js
+/// file: vite.config.js
 import adapter from '@sveltejs/adapter-static';
-
-/** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */
-const config = {
-	kit: {
-		adapter: adapter(---{...}---)
-	}
-};
-
-export default config;
+import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
+import { defineConfig } from 'vite';
+
+export default defineConfig({
+  plugins: [
+    sveltekit({
+      adapter: adapter(---{...}---)
+    })
+  ]
+});
 ```
 
 ## Options
@@ -103,14 +108,9 @@ A config for GitHub Pages might look like the following:
 ```js
 // @errors: 2322
 /// file: svelte.config.js
-import adapter from '@sveltejs/adapter-static';
-
 /** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */
 const config = {
 	kit: {
-		adapter: adapter({
-			fallback: '404.html'
-		}),
 		paths: {
 			base: process.argv.includes('dev') ? '' : process.env.BASE_PATH
 		}
@@ -120,6 +120,23 @@ const config = {
 export default config;
 ```
 
+```js
+/// file: vite.config.js
+import adapter from '@sveltejs/adapter-static';
+import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
+import { defineConfig } from 'vite';
+
+export default defineConfig({
+  plugins: [
+    sveltekit({
+      adapter: adapter({
+        fallback: '404.html'
+      })
+    })
+  ]
+});
+```
+
 You can use GitHub actions to automatically deploy your site to GitHub Pages when you make a change. Here's an example workflow:
 
 ```yaml
diff --git a/documentation/docs/25-build-and-deploy/55-single-page-apps.md b/documentation/docs/25-build-and-deploy/55-single-page-apps.md
index 2826c28f8d2c..b275c8fb52f8 100644
--- a/documentation/docs/25-build-and-deploy/55-single-page-apps.md
+++ b/documentation/docs/25-build-and-deploy/55-single-page-apps.md
@@ -16,22 +16,23 @@ First, disable SSR for the pages you don't want to prerender. These pages will b
 export const ssr = false;
 ```
 
-If you don't have any server-side logic (i.e. `+page.server.js`, `+layout.server.js` or `+server.js` files) you can use [`adapter-static`](adapter-static) to create your SPA. Install `adapter-static` with `npm i -D @sveltejs/adapter-static` and add it to your `svelte.config.js` with the `fallback` option:
+If you don't have any server-side logic (i.e. `+page.server.js`, `+layout.server.js` or `+server.js` files) you can use [`adapter-static`](adapter-static) to create your SPA. Install `adapter-static` with `npm i -D @sveltejs/adapter-static` and add it to your `vite.config.js` with the `fallback` option:
 
 ```js
-/// file: svelte.config.js
+/// file: vite.config.js
 import adapter from '@sveltejs/adapter-static';
-
-/** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */
-const config = {
-	kit: {
-		adapter: adapter({
-			fallback: '200.html' // may differ from host to host
-		})
-	}
-};
-
-export default config;
+import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
+import { defineConfig } from 'vite';
+
+export default defineConfig({
+  plugins: [
+    sveltekit({
+      adapter: adapter({
+				fallback: '200.html' // may differ from host to host
+      })
+    })
+  ]
+});
 ```
 
 The `fallback` page is an HTML page created by SvelteKit from your page template (e.g. `app.html`) that loads your app and navigates to the correct route. For example [Surge](https://surge.sh/help/adding-a-200-page-for-client-side-routing), a static web host, lets you add a `200.html` file that will handle any requests that don't correspond to static assets or prerendered pages.
@@ -40,6 +41,9 @@ On some hosts it may be something else entirely — consult your platform's docu
 
 > [!NOTE] Note that the fallback page will always contain absolute asset paths (i.e. beginning with `/` rather than `.`) regardless of the value of [`paths.relative`](configuration#paths), since it is used to respond to requests for arbitrary paths.
 
+> [!LEGACY]
+> The `adapter` option was moved to the SvelteKit Vite plugin in SvelteKit 3.0.0. In earlier versions, you had to add it to the `kit` property in the `svelte.config.js` file instead.
+
 ## Prerendering individual pages
 
 If you want certain pages to be prerendered, you can re-enable `ssr` alongside `prerender` for just those parts of your app:
diff --git a/documentation/docs/25-build-and-deploy/60-adapter-cloudflare.md b/documentation/docs/25-build-and-deploy/60-adapter-cloudflare.md
index ccd2a26ca2fc..a426548f00f2 100644
--- a/documentation/docs/25-build-and-deploy/60-adapter-cloudflare.md
+++ b/documentation/docs/25-build-and-deploy/60-adapter-cloudflare.md
@@ -14,35 +14,40 @@ This adapter will be installed by default when you use [`adapter-auto`](adapter-
 
 ## Usage
 
-Install with `npm i -D @sveltejs/adapter-cloudflare`, then add the adapter to your `svelte.config.js`:
+Install with `npm i -D @sveltejs/adapter-cloudflare`, then add the adapter to your `vite.config.js`:
 
 ```js
-/// file: svelte.config.js
+// @errors: 2307
+/// file: vite.config.js
 import adapter from '@sveltejs/adapter-cloudflare';
-
-/** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */
-const config = {
-	kit: {
-		adapter: adapter({
-			// See below for an explanation of these options
-			config: undefined,
-			platformProxy: {
-				configPath: undefined,
-				environment: undefined,
-				persist: undefined
-			},
-			fallback: 'plaintext',
-			routes: {
-				include: ['/*'],
-				exclude: ['<all>']
-			}
-		})
-	}
-};
-
-export default config;
+import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
+import { defineConfig } from 'vite';
+
+export default defineConfig({
+  plugins: [
+    sveltekit({
+      adapter: adapter({
+				// See below for an explanation of these options
+				config: undefined,
+				platformProxy: {
+					configPath: undefined,
+					environment: undefined,
+					persist: undefined
+				},
+				fallback: 'plaintext',
+				routes: {
+					include: ['/*'],
+					exclude: ['<all>']
+				}
+      })
+    })
+  ]
+});
 ```
 
+> [!LEGACY]
+> The `adapter` option was moved to the SvelteKit Vite plugin in SvelteKit 3.0.0. In earlier versions, you had to add it to the `kit` property in the `svelte.config.js` file instead.
+
 ## Options
 
 ### config
@@ -222,18 +227,33 @@ Cloudflare no longer recommends using [Workers Sites](https://developers.cloudfl
 // @errors: 2307
 /// file: svelte.config.js
 ---import adapter from '@sveltejs/adapter-cloudflare-workers';---
-+++import adapter from '@sveltejs/adapter-cloudflare';+++
 
 /** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */
 const config = {
 	kit: {
-		adapter: adapter()
+		---adapter: adapter()---
 	}
 };
 
 export default config;
 ```
 
+```js
+// @errors: 2307
+/// file: vite.config.js
++++import adapter from '@sveltejs/adapter-cloudflare';+++
+import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
+import { defineConfig } from 'vite';
+
+export default defineConfig({
+  plugins: [
+    sveltekit({
+      +++adapter: adapter()+++
+    })
+  ]
+});
+```
+
 ### wrangler.toml
 
 ```toml
diff --git a/documentation/docs/25-build-and-deploy/80-adapter-netlify.md b/documentation/docs/25-build-and-deploy/80-adapter-netlify.md
index 4e44a34ef100..4a1639a34d5e 100644
--- a/documentation/docs/25-build-and-deploy/80-adapter-netlify.md
+++ b/documentation/docs/25-build-and-deploy/80-adapter-netlify.md
@@ -8,30 +8,30 @@ This adapter will be installed by default when you use [`adapter-auto`](adapter-
 
 ## Usage
 
-Install with `npm i -D @sveltejs/adapter-netlify`, then add the adapter to your `svelte.config.js`:
+Install with `npm i -D @sveltejs/adapter-netlify`, then add the adapter to your `vite.config.js`:
 
 ```js
-/// file: svelte.config.js
+/// file: vite.config.js
 import adapter from '@sveltejs/adapter-netlify';
-
-/** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */
-const config = {
-	kit: {
-		// default options are shown
-		adapter: adapter({
-			// if true, will create a Netlify Edge Function rather
-			// than using standard Node-based functions
-			edge: false,
-
-			// if true, will split your app into multiple functions
-			// instead of creating a single one for the entire app.
-			// if `edge` is true, this option cannot be used
-			split: false
-		})
-	}
-};
-
-export default config;
+import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
+import { defineConfig } from 'vite';
+
+export default defineConfig({
+  plugins: [
+    sveltekit({
+      adapter: adapter({
+				// if true, will create a Netlify Edge Function rather
+				// than using standard Node-based functions
+				edge: false,
+
+				// if true, will split your app into multiple functions
+				// instead of creating a single one for the entire app.
+				// if `edge` is true, this option cannot be used
+				split: false
+      })
+    })
+  ]
+});
 ```
 
 Then, make sure you have a [netlify.toml](https://docs.netlify.com/configure-builds/file-based-configuration) file in the project root. This will determine where to write static assets based on the `build.publish` settings, as per this sample configuration:
@@ -44,6 +44,9 @@ Then, make sure you have a [netlify.toml](https://docs.netlify.com/configure-bui
 
 If the `netlify.toml` file or the `build.publish` value is missing, a default value of `"build"` will be used. Note that if you have set the publish directory in the Netlify UI to something else then you will need to set it in `netlify.toml` too, or use the default value of `"build"`.
 
+> [!LEGACY]
+> The `adapter` option was moved to the SvelteKit Vite plugin in SvelteKit 3.0.0. In earlier versions, you had to add it to the `kit` property in the `svelte.config.js` file instead.
+
 ### Node version
 
 New projects will use the current Node LTS version by default. However, if you're upgrading a project you created a while ago it may be stuck on an older version. See [the Netlify docs](https://docs.netlify.com/configure-builds/manage-dependencies/#node-js-and-javascript) for details on manually specifying a current Node version.
@@ -53,21 +56,23 @@ New projects will use the current Node LTS version by default. However, if you'r
 SvelteKit supports [Netlify Edge Functions](https://docs.netlify.com/build/edge-functions/overview/). If you pass the option `edge: true` to the `adapter` function, server-side rendering will happen in a Deno-based edge function that's deployed close to the site visitor. If set to `false` (the default), the site will deploy to Node-based Netlify Functions.
 
 ```js
-/// file: svelte.config.js
+// @errors: 2307
+/// file: vite.config.js
 import adapter from '@sveltejs/adapter-netlify';
-
-/** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */
-const config = {
-	kit: {
-		adapter: adapter({
-			// will create a Netlify Edge Function using Deno-based
-			// rather than using standard Node-based functions
-			edge: true
-		})
-	}
-};
-
-export default config;
+import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
+import { defineConfig } from 'vite';
+
+export default defineConfig({
+  plugins: [
+    sveltekit({
+      adapter: adapter({
+				// will create a Netlify Edge Function using Deno-based
+				// rather than using standard Node-based functions
+				edge: true
+      })
+    })
+  ]
+});
 ```
 
 ## Netlify alternatives to SvelteKit functionality
diff --git a/documentation/docs/25-build-and-deploy/90-adapter-vercel.md b/documentation/docs/25-build-and-deploy/90-adapter-vercel.md
index f9b83326de39..537edefe9983 100644
--- a/documentation/docs/25-build-and-deploy/90-adapter-vercel.md
+++ b/documentation/docs/25-build-and-deploy/90-adapter-vercel.md
@@ -8,24 +8,28 @@ This adapter will be installed by default when you use [`adapter-auto`](adapter-
 
 ## Usage
 
-Install with `npm i -D @sveltejs/adapter-vercel`, then add the adapter to your `svelte.config.js`:
+Install with `npm i -D @sveltejs/adapter-vercel`, then add the adapter to your `vite.config.js`:
 
 ```js
-/// file: svelte.config.js
+/// file: vite.config.js
 import adapter from '@sveltejs/adapter-vercel';
-
-/** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */
-const config = {
-	kit: {
-		adapter: adapter({
-			// see below for options that can be set here
-		})
-	}
-};
-
-export default config;
+import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
+import { defineConfig } from 'vite';
+
+export default defineConfig({
+  plugins: [
+    sveltekit({
+      adapter: adapter({
+				// see below for options that can be set here
+      })
+    })
+  ]
+});
 ```
 
+> [!LEGACY]
+> The `adapter` option was moved to the SvelteKit Vite plugin in SvelteKit 3.0.0. In earlier versions, you had to add it to the `kit` property in the `svelte.config.js` file instead.
+
 ## Deployment configuration
 
 To control how your routes are deployed to Vercel as functions, you can specify deployment configuration, either through the option shown above or with [`export const config`](page-options#config) inside `+server.js`, `+page(.server).js` and `+layout(.server).js` files.
@@ -64,24 +68,25 @@ If your functions need to access data in a specific region, it's recommended tha
 You may set the `images` config to control how Vercel builds your images. See the [image configuration reference](https://vercel.com/docs/build-output-api/v3/configuration#images) for full details. As an example, you may set:
 
 ```js
-/// file: svelte.config.js
+/// file: vite.config.js
 import adapter from '@sveltejs/adapter-vercel';
-
-/** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */
-const config = {
-	kit: {
-		adapter: adapter({
-			images: {
-				sizes: [640, 828, 1200, 1920, 3840],
-				formats: ['image/avif', 'image/webp'],
-				minimumCacheTTL: 300,
-				domains: ['example-app.vercel.app'],
-			}
-		})
-	}
-};
-
-export default config;
+import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
+import { defineConfig } from 'vite';
+
+export default defineConfig({
+  plugins: [
+    sveltekit({
+      adapter: adapter({
+				images: {
+					sizes: [640, 828, 1200, 1920, 3840],
+					formats: ['image/avif', 'image/webp'],
+					minimumCacheTTL: 300,
+					domains: ['example-app.vercel.app'],
+				}
+      })
+    })
+  ]
+});
 ```
 
 ## Incremental Static Regeneration
diff --git a/documentation/docs/25-build-and-deploy/99-writing-adapters.md b/documentation/docs/25-build-and-deploy/99-writing-adapters.md
index 823e2ffea350..e941118305c2 100644
--- a/documentation/docs/25-build-and-deploy/99-writing-adapters.md
+++ b/documentation/docs/25-build-and-deploy/99-writing-adapters.md
@@ -21,14 +21,6 @@ export default function (options) {
 		async adapt(builder) {
 			// adapter implementation
 		},
-		async emulate() {
-			return {
-				async platform({ config, prerender }) {
-					// the returned object becomes `event.platform` during dev, build and
-					// preview. Its shape is that of `App.Platform`
-				}
-			}
-		},
 		supports: {
 			read: ({ config, route }) => {
 				// Return `true` if the route with the given `config` can use `read`
@@ -39,6 +31,11 @@ export default function (options) {
 				// Return `true` if this adapter supports loading `instrumentation.server.js`.
 				// Return `false if it can't, or throw a descriptive error.
 			}
+		},
+		vite: {
+			plugins: [
+				// add plugins here to integrate with Vite
+			]
 		}
 	};
 
@@ -46,7 +43,7 @@ export default function (options) {
 }
 ```
 
-Of these, `name` and `adapt` are required. `emulate` and `supports` are optional.
+Of these, `name` and `adapt` are required. `vite.plugins` and `supports` are optional.
 
 Within the `adapt` method, there are a number of things that an adapter should do:
 
@@ -61,3 +58,44 @@ Within the `adapt` method, there are a number of things that an adapter should d
 - Put the user's static files and the generated JS/CSS in the correct location for the target platform
 
 Where possible, we recommend putting the adapter output under the `build/` directory with any intermediate output placed under `.svelte-kit/[adapter-name]`.
+
+## Configuring the development and preview experience
+
+By default, SvelteKit runs your server code through a Node.js runtime when running `vite dev` and `vite preview`. You can change this behaviour by adding a Vite plugin that has a `configureServer` and `configurePreviewServer` hook to route requests to [a different runtime](https://vite.dev/guide/api-environment-runtimes).
+
+The main Vite server environment SvelteKit uses is named `ssr`. You can change its settings by referencing it in the `config` hook of a Vite plugin.
+
+```js
+// @errors: 2304 1005 1109
+config(userConfig) {
+	userConfig.environments.ssr = { ... }
+}
+```
+
+You can also create your own server entry file by importing the `Server` class from `sveltekit:server`, the environment variables loaded by Vite through `env` from `sveltekit:env`, and your app-specific information as `manifest` from `sveltekit:server-manifest`.
+
+```js
+import { env } from 'sveltekit:env';
+import { Server } from 'sveltekit:server';
+import { manifest } from 'sveltekit:server-manifest';
+
+const server = new Server(manifest);
+
+await server.init({ env });
+
+export default {
+	/**
+	 * @param {Request} request
+	 * @returns {Promise<Response>}
+	 */
+	async fetch(request) {
+		return await server.respond(request, {
+			getClientAddress: () => {
+				return request.headers.get('how-your-platform-exposes-the-remote-address')
+			}
+		});
+	}
+}
+
+import.meta.hot?.accept();
+```
diff --git a/documentation/docs/40-best-practices/07-images.md b/documentation/docs/40-best-practices/07-images.md
index 51132b5bced7..fff8548e34b1 100644
--- a/documentation/docs/40-best-practices/07-images.md
+++ b/documentation/docs/40-best-practices/07-images.md
@@ -39,14 +39,17 @@ npm i -D @sveltejs/enhanced-img
 Adjust `vite.config.js`:
 
 ```js
-import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
+import adapter from '@sveltejs/adapter-node';
 +++import { enhancedImages } from '@sveltejs/enhanced-img';+++
+import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
 import { defineConfig } from 'vite';
 
 export default defineConfig({
 	plugins: [
 		+++enhancedImages(), // must come before the SvelteKit plugin+++
-		sveltekit()
+		sveltekit({
+			adapter: adapter()
+		})
 	]
 });
 ```
diff --git a/documentation/docs/60-appendix/10-faq.md b/documentation/docs/60-appendix/10-faq.md
index fd1e71d3d351..40696e6e0983 100644
--- a/documentation/docs/60-appendix/10-faq.md
+++ b/documentation/docs/60-appendix/10-faq.md
@@ -151,13 +151,15 @@ export function GET({ params, url }) {
 
 ## How do I use middleware?
 
-`adapter-node` builds a middleware that you can use with your own server for production mode. In dev, you can add middleware to Vite by using a Vite plugin. For example:
+`@sveltejs/adapter-node` builds a middleware that you can use with your own server for production mode. In dev, you can add middleware to Vite by using a Vite plugin. For example:
 
 ```js
 /// file: vite.config.js
+import adapter from '@sveltejs/adapter-node';
 import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
+import { defineConfig } from 'vite';
 
-/** @type {import('vite').Plugin} */
++++/** @type {import('vite').Plugin} */
 const myPlugin = {
 	name: 'log-request-middleware',
 	configureServer(server) {
@@ -166,14 +168,16 @@ const myPlugin = {
 			next();
 		});
 	}
-};
-
-/** @type {import('vite').UserConfig} */
-const config = {
-	plugins: [myPlugin, sveltekit()]
-};
-
-export default config;
+};+++
+
+export default defineConfig({
+	plugins: [
+		+++myPlugin,+++
+		sveltekit({
+			adapter: adapter()
+		})
+	]
+});
 ```
 
 See [Vite's `configureServer` docs](https://vitejs.dev/guide/api-plugin.html#configureserver) for more details including how to control ordering.
diff --git a/documentation/docs/98-reference/50-configuration.md b/documentation/docs/98-reference/50-configuration.md
index ab9e48e7841f..a95acb6c4cea 100644
--- a/documentation/docs/98-reference/50-configuration.md
+++ b/documentation/docs/98-reference/50-configuration.md
@@ -6,26 +6,17 @@ Your project's configuration lives in a `svelte.config.js` file at the root of y
 
 ```js
 /// file: svelte.config.js
-// @filename: ambient.d.ts
-declare module '@sveltejs/adapter-auto' {
-	const plugin: () => import('@sveltejs/kit').Adapter;
-	export default plugin;
-}
-
-// @filename: index.js
-// ---cut---
-import adapter from '@sveltejs/adapter-auto';
-
 /** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */
 const config = {
-	kit: {
-		adapter: adapter()
-	}
+	kit: { }
 };
 
 export default config;
 ```
 
+> [!LEGACY]
+> The `adapter` option was moved to the SvelteKit Vite plugin in SvelteKit 3.0.0. In earlier versions, you had to add it to the `kit` property in the `svelte.config.js` file instead.
+
 ## Config
 
 > TYPES: Configuration#Config
diff --git a/packages/adapter-cloudflare/index.js b/packages/adapter-cloudflare/index.js
index 66c8a2da246e..01186988e4e4 100644
--- a/packages/adapter-cloudflare/index.js
+++ b/packages/adapter-cloudflare/index.js
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { copyFileSync, existsSync, readFileSync, writeFileSync } from 'node:fs';
 import path from 'node:path';
 import process from 'node:process';
 import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
-import { getPlatformProxy, unstable_readConfig } from 'wrangler';
+import { unstable_readConfig } from 'wrangler';
 import {
 	is_building_for_cloudflare_pages,
 	validate_worker_settings,
@@ -175,41 +175,6 @@ export default function (options = {}) {
 				writeFileSync(`${dest}/.assetsignore`, generate_assetsignore(), { flag: 'a' });
 			}
 		},
-		emulate() {
-			// we want to invoke `getPlatformProxy` only once, but await it only when it is accessed.
-			// If we would await it here, it would hang indefinitely because the platform proxy only resolves once a request happens
-			const get_emulated = async () => {
-				const proxy = await getPlatformProxy(options.platformProxy);
-				const platform = /** @type {App.Platform} */ ({
-					env: proxy.env,
-					ctx: proxy.ctx,
-					context: proxy.ctx, // deprecated in favor of ctx
-					caches: proxy.caches,
-					cf: proxy.cf
-				});
-				/** @type {Record<string, any>} */
-				const env = {};
-				const prerender_platform = /** @type {App.Platform} */ (/** @type {unknown} */ ({ env }));
-				for (const key in proxy.env) {
-					Object.defineProperty(env, key, {
-						get: () => {
-							throw new Error(`Cannot access platform.env.${key} in a prerenderable route`);
-						}
-					});
-				}
-				return { platform, prerender_platform };
-			};
-
-			/** @type {{ platform: App.Platform, prerender_platform: App.Platform }} */
-			let emulated;
-
-			return {
-				platform: async ({ prerender }) => {
-					emulated ??= await get_emulated();
-					return prerender ? emulated.prerender_platform : emulated.platform;
-				}
-			};
-		},
 		supports: {
 			read: () => true,
 			instrumentation: () => true
diff --git a/packages/adapter-cloudflare/test/apps/pages/svelte.config.js b/packages/adapter-cloudflare/test/apps/pages/svelte.config.js
index 20cd2b3ff5b8..821c14379ec8 100644
--- a/packages/adapter-cloudflare/test/apps/pages/svelte.config.js
+++ b/packages/adapter-cloudflare/test/apps/pages/svelte.config.js
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
-import adapter from '../../../index.js';
-
 /** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */
 const config = {
-	kit: {
-		adapter: adapter()
-	}
+	kit: {}
 };
 
 export default config;
diff --git a/packages/adapter-cloudflare/test/apps/pages/vite.config.js b/packages/adapter-cloudflare/test/apps/pages/vite.config.js
index 29ad08debe6a..01b9947e7d2a 100644
--- a/packages/adapter-cloudflare/test/apps/pages/vite.config.js
+++ b/packages/adapter-cloudflare/test/apps/pages/vite.config.js
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
+import adapter from '../../../index.js';
 
 /** @type {import('vite').UserConfig} */
 const config = {
 	build: {
 		minify: false
 	},
-	plugins: [sveltekit()]
+	plugins: [sveltekit({ adapter: adapter() })]
 };
 
 export default config;
diff --git a/packages/adapter-cloudflare/test/apps/workers/svelte.config.js b/packages/adapter-cloudflare/test/apps/workers/svelte.config.js
index 26cd6a965908..821c14379ec8 100644
--- a/packages/adapter-cloudflare/test/apps/workers/svelte.config.js
+++ b/packages/adapter-cloudflare/test/apps/workers/svelte.config.js
@@ -1,12 +1,6 @@
-import adapter from '../../../index.js';
-
 /** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */
 const config = {
-	kit: {
-		adapter: adapter({
-			config: 'config/wrangler.jsonc'
-		})
-	}
+	kit: {}
 };
 
 export default config;
diff --git a/packages/adapter-cloudflare/test/apps/workers/test/test.js b/packages/adapter-cloudflare/test/apps/workers/test/test.js
index 44832c70890f..4c6f2a79a28d 100644
--- a/packages/adapter-cloudflare/test/apps/workers/test/test.js
+++ b/packages/adapter-cloudflare/test/apps/workers/test/test.js
@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@ test('worker', async ({ page }) => {
 	await expect(page.locator('h1')).toContainText('Sum: 3');
 });
 
-test('ctx', async ({ request }) => {
+// TODO: re-enable once we add the vite cloudflare plugin
+test.skip('ctx', async ({ request }) => {
 	const res = await request.get('/ctx');
 	expect(await res.text()).toBe('ctx works');
 });
diff --git a/packages/adapter-cloudflare/test/apps/workers/vite.config.js b/packages/adapter-cloudflare/test/apps/workers/vite.config.js
index 29ad08debe6a..195f6c80776e 100644
--- a/packages/adapter-cloudflare/test/apps/workers/vite.config.js
+++ b/packages/adapter-cloudflare/test/apps/workers/vite.config.js
@@ -1,11 +1,18 @@
 import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
+import adapter from '../../../index.js';
 
 /** @type {import('vite').UserConfig} */
 const config = {
 	build: {
 		minify: false
 	},
-	plugins: [sveltekit()]
+	plugins: [
+		sveltekit({
+			adapter: adapter({
+				config: 'config/wrangler.jsonc'
+			})
+		})
+	]
 };
 
 export default config;
diff --git a/packages/adapter-cloudflare/test/utils.js b/packages/adapter-cloudflare/test/utils.js
index dcb3ce52c9d6..59a1ec1b5ea1 100644
--- a/packages/adapter-cloudflare/test/utils.js
+++ b/packages/adapter-cloudflare/test/utils.js
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ export const config = {
 		command: process.env.DEV ? 'pnpm dev' : 'pnpm build && pnpm preview',
 		port: process.env.DEV ? 5173 : 8787
 	},
-	retries: process.env.CI ? 2 : number_from_env('KIT_E2E_RETRIES', 0),
+	retries: process.env.CI ? 0 : number_from_env('KIT_E2E_RETRIES', 0),
 	projects: [
 		{
 			name: 'chromium'
diff --git a/packages/adapter-netlify/test/apps/basic/svelte.config.js b/packages/adapter-netlify/test/apps/basic/svelte.config.js
index 20cd2b3ff5b8..821c14379ec8 100644
--- a/packages/adapter-netlify/test/apps/basic/svelte.config.js
+++ b/packages/adapter-netlify/test/apps/basic/svelte.config.js
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
-import adapter from '../../../index.js';
-
 /** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */
 const config = {
-	kit: {
-		adapter: adapter()
-	}
+	kit: {}
 };
 
 export default config;
diff --git a/packages/adapter-netlify/test/apps/basic/vite.config.ts b/packages/adapter-netlify/test/apps/basic/vite.config.ts
index 72a307cc0e56..8c3bc9c5e4a7 100644
--- a/packages/adapter-netlify/test/apps/basic/vite.config.ts
+++ b/packages/adapter-netlify/test/apps/basic/vite.config.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
 import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
 import type { UserConfig } from 'vite';
+import adapter from '../../../index.js';
 
 const config: UserConfig = {
 	build: {
 		minify: false
 	},
-	plugins: [sveltekit()]
+	plugins: [
+		sveltekit({
+			adapter: adapter()
+		})
+	]
 };
 
 export default config;
diff --git a/packages/adapter-netlify/test/apps/edge/svelte.config.js b/packages/adapter-netlify/test/apps/edge/svelte.config.js
index c633196b8ea8..821c14379ec8 100644
--- a/packages/adapter-netlify/test/apps/edge/svelte.config.js
+++ b/packages/adapter-netlify/test/apps/edge/svelte.config.js
@@ -1,12 +1,6 @@
-import adapter from '../../../index.js';
-
 /** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */
 const config = {
-	kit: {
-		adapter: adapter({
-			edge: true
-		})
-	}
+	kit: {}
 };
 
 export default config;
diff --git a/packages/adapter-netlify/test/apps/edge/vite.config.ts b/packages/adapter-netlify/test/apps/edge/vite.config.ts
index 72a307cc0e56..8d97a74850b9 100644
--- a/packages/adapter-netlify/test/apps/edge/vite.config.ts
+++ b/packages/adapter-netlify/test/apps/edge/vite.config.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,18 @@
 import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
 import type { UserConfig } from 'vite';
+import adapter from '../../../index.js';
 
 const config: UserConfig = {
 	build: {
 		minify: false
 	},
-	plugins: [sveltekit()]
+	plugins: [
+		sveltekit({
+			adapter: adapter({
+				edge: true
+			})
+		})
+	]
 };
 
 export default config;
diff --git a/packages/adapter-netlify/test/apps/instrumentation/svelte.config.js b/packages/adapter-netlify/test/apps/instrumentation/svelte.config.js
index 050579db13ba..02c1e4e94183 100644
--- a/packages/adapter-netlify/test/apps/instrumentation/svelte.config.js
+++ b/packages/adapter-netlify/test/apps/instrumentation/svelte.config.js
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
-import adapter from '../../../index.js';
-
 /** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */
 const config = {
 	kit: {
-		adapter: adapter(),
 		experimental: {
 			instrumentation: {
 				server: true
diff --git a/packages/adapter-netlify/test/apps/instrumentation/vite.config.ts b/packages/adapter-netlify/test/apps/instrumentation/vite.config.ts
index 72a307cc0e56..8c3bc9c5e4a7 100644
--- a/packages/adapter-netlify/test/apps/instrumentation/vite.config.ts
+++ b/packages/adapter-netlify/test/apps/instrumentation/vite.config.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
 import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
 import type { UserConfig } from 'vite';
+import adapter from '../../../index.js';
 
 const config: UserConfig = {
 	build: {
 		minify: false
 	},
-	plugins: [sveltekit()]
+	plugins: [
+		sveltekit({
+			adapter: adapter()
+		})
+	]
 };
 
 export default config;
diff --git a/packages/adapter-netlify/test/apps/split/svelte.config.js b/packages/adapter-netlify/test/apps/split/svelte.config.js
index 4bbe888fd1cf..817268bbddb1 100644
--- a/packages/adapter-netlify/test/apps/split/svelte.config.js
+++ b/packages/adapter-netlify/test/apps/split/svelte.config.js
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
-import adapter from '../../../index.js';
-
 /** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */
 const config = {
 	compilerOptions: { experimental: { async: true } },
 	kit: {
-		adapter: adapter({ split: true }),
 		experimental: {
 			remoteFunctions: true
 		}
diff --git a/packages/adapter-netlify/test/apps/split/vite.config.ts b/packages/adapter-netlify/test/apps/split/vite.config.ts
index 72a307cc0e56..f6fb37e73b3e 100644
--- a/packages/adapter-netlify/test/apps/split/vite.config.ts
+++ b/packages/adapter-netlify/test/apps/split/vite.config.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
 import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
 import type { UserConfig } from 'vite';
+import adapter from '../../../index.js';
 
 const config: UserConfig = {
 	build: {
 		minify: false
 	},
-	plugins: [sveltekit()]
+	plugins: [
+		sveltekit({
+			adapter: adapter({ split: true })
+		})
+	]
 };
 
 export default config;
diff --git a/packages/adapter-static/test/apps/prerendered/package.json b/packages/adapter-static/test/apps/prerendered/package.json
index 6ac8a9517693..e2b887afe266 100644
--- a/packages/adapter-static/test/apps/prerendered/package.json
+++ b/packages/adapter-static/test/apps/prerendered/package.json
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-	"name": "~TODO~",
+	"name": "test-static-prerendered",
 	"version": "0.0.1",
 	"private": true,
 	"scripts": {
diff --git a/packages/adapter-static/test/apps/prerendered/svelte.config.js b/packages/adapter-static/test/apps/prerendered/svelte.config.js
index 20cd2b3ff5b8..821c14379ec8 100644
--- a/packages/adapter-static/test/apps/prerendered/svelte.config.js
+++ b/packages/adapter-static/test/apps/prerendered/svelte.config.js
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
-import adapter from '../../../index.js';
-
 /** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */
 const config = {
-	kit: {
-		adapter: adapter()
-	}
+	kit: {}
 };
 
 export default config;
diff --git a/packages/adapter-static/test/apps/prerendered/vite.config.js b/packages/adapter-static/test/apps/prerendered/vite.config.js
index 29ad08debe6a..dc6532d9578d 100644
--- a/packages/adapter-static/test/apps/prerendered/vite.config.js
+++ b/packages/adapter-static/test/apps/prerendered/vite.config.js
@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
 import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
+import adapter from '../../../index.js';
 
 /** @type {import('vite').UserConfig} */
 const config = {
 	build: {
 		minify: false
 	},
-	plugins: [sveltekit()]
+	plugins: [
+		sveltekit({
+			adapter: adapter()
+		})
+	]
 };
 
 export default config;
diff --git a/packages/adapter-static/test/apps/spa/package.json b/packages/adapter-static/test/apps/spa/package.json
index 4d4d0a6f5123..7860e3591bd1 100644
--- a/packages/adapter-static/test/apps/spa/package.json
+++ b/packages/adapter-static/test/apps/spa/package.json
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-	"name": "~TODO~",
+	"name": "test-static-spa",
 	"version": "0.0.1",
 	"private": true,
 	"scripts": {
diff --git a/packages/adapter-static/test/apps/spa/svelte.config.js b/packages/adapter-static/test/apps/spa/svelte.config.js
index da388bfc49d9..821c14379ec8 100644
--- a/packages/adapter-static/test/apps/spa/svelte.config.js
+++ b/packages/adapter-static/test/apps/spa/svelte.config.js
@@ -1,12 +1,6 @@
-import adapter from '../../../index.js';
-
 /** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */
 const config = {
-	kit: {
-		adapter: adapter({
-			fallback: '200.html'
-		})
-	}
+	kit: {}
 };
 
 export default config;
diff --git a/packages/adapter-static/test/apps/spa/vite.config.js b/packages/adapter-static/test/apps/spa/vite.config.js
index 29ad08debe6a..7e81282e251e 100644
--- a/packages/adapter-static/test/apps/spa/vite.config.js
+++ b/packages/adapter-static/test/apps/spa/vite.config.js
@@ -1,11 +1,18 @@
 import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
+import adapter from '../../../index.js';
 
 /** @type {import('vite').UserConfig} */
 const config = {
 	build: {
 		minify: false
 	},
-	plugins: [sveltekit()]
+	plugins: [
+		sveltekit({
+			adapter: adapter({
+				fallback: '200.html'
+			})
+		})
+	]
 };
 
 export default config;
diff --git a/packages/adapter-vercel/test/apps/basic/svelte.config.js b/packages/adapter-vercel/test/apps/basic/svelte.config.js
index 20cd2b3ff5b8..821c14379ec8 100644
--- a/packages/adapter-vercel/test/apps/basic/svelte.config.js
+++ b/packages/adapter-vercel/test/apps/basic/svelte.config.js
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
-import adapter from '../../../index.js';
-
 /** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */
 const config = {
-	kit: {
-		adapter: adapter()
-	}
+	kit: {}
 };
 
 export default config;
diff --git a/packages/adapter-vercel/test/apps/basic/vite.config.ts b/packages/adapter-vercel/test/apps/basic/vite.config.ts
index bbf8c7da43f0..30a15a1a0fd0 100644
--- a/packages/adapter-vercel/test/apps/basic/vite.config.ts
+++ b/packages/adapter-vercel/test/apps/basic/vite.config.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
 import { defineConfig } from 'vite';
+import adapter from '../../../index.js';
 
 export default defineConfig({
-	plugins: [sveltekit()]
+	plugins: [
+		sveltekit({
+			adapter: adapter()
+		})
+	]
 });
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/core/adapt/builder.js b/packages/kit/src/core/adapt/builder.js
index bb5ef66edea7..90e740bcc5fb 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/core/adapt/builder.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/core/adapt/builder.js
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import { extname, resolve, join, dirname, relative } from 'node:path';
 import { pipeline } from 'node:stream';
 import { promisify, styleText } from 'node:util';
 import zlib from 'node:zlib';
-import { copy, rimraf, mkdirp, posixify } from '../../utils/filesystem.js';
+import { copy, rimraf, mkdirp } from '../../utils/filesystem.js';
 import { generate_manifest } from '../generate_manifest/index.js';
 import { get_route_segments } from '../../utils/routing.js';
 import { get_env } from '../../exports/vite/utils.js';
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import { write } from '../sync/utils.js';
 import { list_files } from '../utils.js';
 import { find_server_assets } from '../generate_manifest/find_server_assets.js';
 import { reserved } from '../env.js';
+import { posixify } from '../../utils/os.js';
 
 const pipe = promisify(pipeline);
 const extensions = ['.html', '.js', '.mjs', '.json', '.css', '.svg', '.xml', '.wasm', '.txt'];
@@ -31,7 +32,8 @@ const extensions = ['.html', '.js', '.mjs', '.json', '.css', '.svg', '.xml', '.w
  *   prerender_map: PrerenderMap;
  *   log: Logger;
  *   vite_config: ResolvedConfig;
- *   remotes: RemoteChunk[]
+ *   remotes: RemoteChunk[];
+ *   out: string;
  * }} opts
  * @returns {Builder}
  */
@@ -44,7 +46,8 @@ export function create_builder({
 	prerender_map,
 	log,
 	vite_config,
-	remotes
+	remotes,
+	out
 }) {
 	/** @type {Map<RouteDefinition, RouteData>} */
 	const lookup = new Map();
@@ -113,11 +116,10 @@ export function create_builder({
 
 		async generateFallback(dest) {
 			const manifest_path = `${config.kit.outDir}/output/server/manifest-full.js`;
-			const env = get_env(config.kit.env, vite_config.mode);
 
 			const fallback = await generate_fallback({
 				manifest_path,
-				env: { ...env.private, ...env.public },
+				out,
 				root: vite_config.root
 			});
 
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/core/adapt/builder.spec.js b/packages/kit/src/core/adapt/builder.spec.js
index 304a1ba5987d..2e255854ff68 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/core/adapt/builder.spec.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/core/adapt/builder.spec.js
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { join, dirname } from 'node:path';
 import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
 import { assert, expect, test } from 'vitest';
 import { create_builder } from './builder.js';
-import { posixify } from '../../utils/filesystem.js';
+import { posixify } from '../../utils/os.js';
 import { list_files } from '../utils.js';
 
 test('copy files', () => {
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/core/adapt/index.js b/packages/kit/src/core/adapt/index.js
index d50a57e36060..b535dfa29786 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/core/adapt/index.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/core/adapt/index.js
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
+/** @import { Adapter } from '@sveltejs/kit' */
 import { styleText } from 'node:util';
 import { create_builder } from './builder.js';
 
 /**
+ * @param {Adapter} adapter
  * @param {import('types').ValidatedConfig} config
  * @param {import('types').BuildData} build_data
  * @param {import('types').ServerMetadata} server_metadata
@@ -10,8 +12,10 @@ import { create_builder } from './builder.js';
  * @param {import('types').Logger} log
  * @param {import('types').RemoteChunk[]} remotes
  * @param {import('vite').ResolvedConfig} vite_config
+ * @param {string} out
  */
 export async function adapt(
+	adapter,
 	config,
 	build_data,
 	server_metadata,
@@ -19,10 +23,11 @@ export async function adapt(
 	prerender_map,
 	log,
 	remotes,
-	vite_config
+	vite_config,
+	out
 ) {
 	// This is only called when adapter is truthy, so the cast is safe
-	const { name, adapt } = /** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Adapter} */ (config.kit.adapter);
+	const { name, adapt } = adapter;
 
 	console.log(styleText(['bold', 'cyan'], `\n> Using ${name}`));
 
@@ -35,7 +40,8 @@ export async function adapt(
 		prerender_map,
 		log,
 		remotes,
-		vite_config
+		vite_config,
+		out
 	});
 
 	await adapt(builder);
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/core/config/index.spec.js b/packages/kit/src/core/config/index.spec.js
index 9b76f9acd23a..d920f47f1d2f 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/core/config/index.spec.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/core/config/index.spec.js
@@ -55,7 +55,6 @@ const directive_defaults = {
 const get_defaults = (prefix = '') => ({
 	extensions: ['.svelte'],
 	kit: {
-		adapter: null,
 		alias: {},
 		appDir: '_app',
 		csp: {
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/core/config/options.js b/packages/kit/src/core/config/options.js
index 498f8d58457b..ce9a0ba9307a 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/core/config/options.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/core/config/options.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 /** @import { Validator } from './types.js' */
 
 import process from 'node:process';
+import { dedent } from '../sync/utils.js';
 
 const directives = object({
 	'child-src': string_array(),
@@ -58,19 +59,18 @@ const options = object(
 		}),
 
 		kit: object({
-			adapter: validate(null, (input, keypath) => {
-				if (typeof input !== 'object' || !input.adapt) {
-					let message = `${keypath} should be an object with an "adapt" method`;
-
-					if (Array.isArray(input) || typeof input === 'string') {
-						// for the early adapter adopters
-						message += ', rather than the name of an adapter';
-					}
-
-					throw new Error(`${message}. See https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/adapters`);
-				}
-
-				return input;
+			adapter: removed((keypath) => {
+				return dedent`
+						${keypath} has been removed. Instead, pass your adapter to the \`sveltekit\` Vite plugin in the \`vite.config.js\` file. For example:
+
+						import { defineConfig } from 'vite';
+						import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
+						+++import adapter from '@sveltejs/adapter-auto';+++
+
+						export default defineConfig({
+						  plugins: [sveltekit(+++{ adapter: adapter() }+++)]
+						});
+					`;
 			}),
 
 			alias: validate({}, (input, keypath) => {
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ function removed(
  * @param {boolean} [allow_unknown]
  * @returns {Validator}
  */
-function object(children, allow_unknown = false) {
+export function object(children, allow_unknown = false) {
 	return (input, keypath) => {
 		/** @type {Record<string, any>} */
 		const output = {};
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ function object(children, allow_unknown = false) {
  * @param {(value: any, keypath: string) => any} fn
  * @returns {Validator}
  */
-function validate(fallback, fn) {
+export function validate(fallback, fn) {
 	return (input, keypath) => {
 		return input === undefined ? fallback : fn(input, keypath);
 	};
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/core/generate_manifest/index.js b/packages/kit/src/core/generate_manifest/index.js
index 4bbc78509bdf..b3b4d47e7f5a 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/core/generate_manifest/index.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/core/generate_manifest/index.js
@@ -104,6 +104,7 @@ export function generate_manifest({
 			appDir: ${s(build_data.app_dir)},
 			appPath: ${s(build_data.app_path)},
 			assets: new Set(${s(assets)}),
+			base: ${s(build_data.base)},
 			mimeTypes: ${s(mime_types)},
 			_: {
 				client: ${uneval(build_data.client)},
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/core/postbuild/ambient.d.ts b/packages/kit/src/core/postbuild/ambient.d.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d8dcbaeea1f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/kit/src/core/postbuild/ambient.d.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+declare module '__SERVER__/index.js' {
+	export { Server } from '@sveltejs/kit';
+}
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/core/postbuild/analyse.js b/packages/kit/src/core/postbuild/analyse.js
index 98ddcca5276d..2002e2873218 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/core/postbuild/analyse.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/core/postbuild/analyse.js
@@ -1,294 +1,64 @@
-/** @import { RemoteChunk } from 'types' */
-import { join } from 'node:path';
-import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url';
-import { validate_server_exports } from '../../utils/exports.js';
-import { load_config } from '../config/index.js';
+/** @import { ManifestData, ServerMetadata } from 'types' */
+/** @import { Manifest } from 'vite' */
+import * as devalue from 'devalue';
 import { forked } from '../../utils/fork.js';
-import { ENDPOINT_METHODS } from '../../constants.js';
-import { filter_env } from '../../utils/env.js';
-import { has_server_load, resolve_route } from '../../utils/routing.js';
-import { check_feature } from '../../utils/features.js';
-import { createReadableStream } from '@sveltejs/kit/node';
-import { PageNodes } from '../../utils/page_nodes.js';
 import { build_server_nodes } from '../../exports/vite/build/build_server.js';
+import { create_build_server } from '../../exports/vite/build/vite_server.js';
+import { load_config } from '../config/index.js';
 
 export default forked(import.meta.url, analyse);
 
+const analyse_entry = import.meta.resolve('./analyse_entry.js');
+
 /**
- * @param {{
- *   hash: boolean;
- *   manifest_path: string;
- *   manifest_data: import('types').ManifestData;
- *   server_manifest: import('vite').Manifest;
- *   tracked_features: Record<string, string[]>;
- *   env: Record<string, string>;
- *   out: string;
- *   output_config: import('types').RecursiveRequired<import('types').ValidatedConfig['kit']['output']>;
- *   remotes: RemoteChunk[];
- *   root: string;
- * }} opts
+ * @param {object} opts Arguments must be serialisable via the structured clone algorithm
+ * @param {string} opts.manifest_path
+ * @param {ManifestData} opts.manifest_data
+ * @param {Manifest} opts.server_manifest
+ * @param {Record<string, string[]>} opts.tracked_features
+ * @param {string} opts.out
+ * @param {string} opts.root
+ * @returns {Promise<{ metadata: ServerMetadata }>}
  */
 async function analyse({
-	hash,
 	manifest_path,
 	manifest_data,
 	server_manifest,
 	tracked_features,
-	env,
 	out,
-	output_config,
-	remotes,
 	root
 }) {
-	/** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').SSRManifest} */
-	const manifest = (await import(pathToFileURL(manifest_path).href)).manifest;
-
-	/** @type {import('types').ValidatedKitConfig} */
-	const config = (await load_config({ cwd: root })).kit;
-
-	const server_root = join(config.outDir, 'output');
-
-	/** @type {import('types').ServerInternalModule} */
-	const internal = await import(pathToFileURL(`${server_root}/server/internal.js`).href);
-
-	// configure `import { building } from '$app/environment'` —
-	// essential we do this before analysing the code
-	internal.set_building();
-
-	// set env, `read`, and `manifest`, in case they're used in initialisation
-	const { publicPrefix: public_prefix, privatePrefix: private_prefix } = config.env;
-	const private_env = filter_env(env, private_prefix, public_prefix);
-	const public_env = filter_env(env, public_prefix, private_prefix);
-	internal.set_private_env(private_env);
-	internal.set_public_env(public_env);
-	internal.set_manifest(manifest);
-	internal.set_read_implementation((file) => createReadableStream(`${server_root}/server/${file}`));
-
 	// first, build server nodes without the client manifest so we can analyse it
-	build_server_nodes(
-		out,
-		config,
-		manifest_data,
-		server_manifest,
-		null,
-		null,
-		null,
-		output_config,
-		root
-	);
-
-	/** @type {import('types').ServerMetadata} */
-	const metadata = {
-		nodes: [],
-		routes: new Map(),
-		remotes: new Map()
-	};
-
-	const nodes = await Promise.all(manifest._.nodes.map((loader) => loader()));
-
-	// analyse nodes
-	for (const node of nodes) {
-		if (hash && node.universal) {
-			const options = Object.keys(node.universal).filter((o) => o !== 'load');
-			if (options.length > 0) {
-				throw new Error(
-					`Page options are ignored when \`router.type === 'hash'\` (${node.universal_id} has ${options
-						.filter((o) => o !== 'load')
-						.map((o) => `'${o}'`)
-						.join(', ')})`
-				);
-			}
-		}
-
-		metadata.nodes[node.index] = {
-			has_server_load: has_server_load(node),
-			has_universal_load: node.universal?.load !== undefined
-		};
-	}
+	build_server_nodes({ out, manifest_data, server_manifest, root });
 
-	// analyse routes
-	for (const route of manifest._.routes) {
-		const page =
-			route.page &&
-			analyse_page(
-				route.page.layouts.map((n) => (n === undefined ? n : nodes[n])),
-				nodes[route.page.leaf]
-			);
-
-		const endpoint = route.endpoint && analyse_endpoint(route, await route.endpoint());
-
-		if (page?.prerender && endpoint?.prerender) {
-			throw new Error(`Cannot prerender a route with both +page and +server files (${route.id})`);
-		}
-
-		if (page?.config && endpoint?.config) {
-			for (const key in { ...page.config, ...endpoint.config }) {
-				if (JSON.stringify(page.config[key]) !== JSON.stringify(endpoint.config[key])) {
-					throw new Error(
-						`Mismatched route config for ${route.id} — the +page and +server files must export the same config, if any`
-					);
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		const route_config = page?.config ?? endpoint?.config ?? {};
-		const prerender = page?.prerender ?? endpoint?.prerender;
-
-		if (prerender !== true) {
-			for (const feature of list_features(
-				route,
-				manifest_data,
-				server_manifest,
-				tracked_features
-			)) {
-				check_feature(route.id, route_config, feature, config.adapter);
-			}
-		}
-
-		const page_methods = page?.methods ?? [];
-		const api_methods = endpoint?.methods ?? [];
-		const entries = page?.entries ?? endpoint?.entries;
-
-		metadata.routes.set(route.id, {
-			config: route_config,
-			methods: Array.from(new Set([...page_methods, ...api_methods])),
-			page: {
-				methods: page_methods
-			},
-			api: {
-				methods: api_methods
-			},
-			prerender,
-			entries:
-				entries && (await entries()).map((entry_object) => resolve_route(route.id, entry_object))
-		});
-	}
-
-	// analyse remotes
-	for (const remote of remotes) {
-		const loader = manifest._.remotes[remote.hash];
-		const { default: functions } = await loader();
-
-		const exports = new Map();
-
-		for (const name in functions) {
-			const internals = /** @type {import('types').RemoteInternals} */ (functions[name].__);
-			const type = internals.type;
-
-			exports.set(name, {
-				type,
-				dynamic: type !== 'prerender' || internals.dynamic
-			});
-		}
-
-		metadata.remotes.set(remote.hash, exports);
-	}
-
-	return { metadata };
-}
+	const svelte_config = await load_config({ cwd: root });
 
-/**
- * @param {import('types').SSRRoute} route
- * @param {import('types').SSREndpoint} mod
- */
-function analyse_endpoint(route, mod) {
-	validate_server_exports(mod, route.id);
-
-	if (mod.prerender && (mod.POST || mod.PATCH || mod.PUT || mod.DELETE)) {
-		throw new Error(
-			`Cannot prerender a +server file with POST, PATCH, PUT, or DELETE (${route.id})`
-		);
-	}
-
-	/** @type {Array<import('types').HttpMethod | '*'>} */
-	const methods = [];
-
-	for (const method of /** @type {import('types').HttpMethod[]} */ (ENDPOINT_METHODS)) {
-		if (mod[method]) methods.push(method);
-	}
-
-	if (mod.fallback) {
-		methods.push('*');
-	}
-
-	return {
-		config: mod.config,
-		entries: mod.entries,
-		methods,
-		prerender: mod.prerender ?? false
-	};
-}
-
-/**
- * @param {Array<import('types').SSRNode | undefined>} layouts
- * @param {import('types').SSRNode} leaf
- */
-function analyse_page(layouts, leaf) {
-	/** @type {Array<'GET' | 'POST'>} */
-	const methods = ['GET'];
-	if (leaf.server?.actions) methods.push('POST');
-
-	const nodes = new PageNodes([...layouts, leaf]);
-	nodes.validate();
-
-	return {
-		config: nodes.get_config(),
-		entries: leaf.universal?.entries ?? leaf.server?.entries,
-		methods,
-		prerender: nodes.prerender()
-	};
-}
-
-/**
- * @param {import('types').SSRRoute} route
- * @param {import('types').ManifestData} manifest_data
- * @param {import('vite').Manifest} server_manifest
- * @param {Record<string, string[]>} tracked_features
- */
-function list_features(route, manifest_data, server_manifest, tracked_features) {
-	const features = new Set();
-
-	const route_data = /** @type {import('types').RouteData} */ (
-		manifest_data.routes.find((r) => r.id === route.id)
-	);
-
-	const visited = new Set();
-	/** @param {string} id */
-	function visit(id) {
-		if (visited.has(id)) return;
-		visited.add(id);
-
-		const chunk = server_manifest[id];
-		if (!chunk) return;
-
-		if (chunk.file in tracked_features) {
-			for (const feature of tracked_features[chunk.file]) {
-				features.add(feature);
-			}
-		}
-
-		if (chunk.imports) {
-			for (const id of chunk.imports) {
-				visit(id);
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	let page_node = route_data?.leaf;
-	while (page_node) {
-		if (page_node.server) visit(page_node.server);
-		page_node = page_node.parent ?? null;
-	}
-
-	if (route_data.endpoint) {
-		visit(route_data.endpoint.file);
-	}
-
-	if (manifest_data.hooks.server) {
-		// TODO if hooks.server.js imports `read`, it will be in the entry chunk
-		// we don't currently account for that case
-		visit(manifest_data.hooks.server);
-	}
-
-	return Array.from(features);
+	const vite = await create_build_server({
+		svelte_config,
+		out,
+		manifest_path,
+		server_path: analyse_entry
+	});
+
+	await vite.listen();
+
+	const address = vite.httpServer?.address();
+	const port = typeof address === 'string' ? Number(address.split(':').at(-1)) : address?.port;
+
+	const response = await fetch(new URL(`http://localhost:${port}`), {
+		method: 'POST',
+		headers: {
+			'content-type': 'application/json'
+		},
+		body: devalue.stringify({
+			server_manifest,
+			tracked_features,
+			manifest_data,
+			hash: svelte_config.kit.router.type === 'hash'
+		})
+	});
+
+	await vite.close();
+
+	return { metadata: devalue.parse(await response.text()) };
 }
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/core/postbuild/analyse_entry.js b/packages/kit/src/core/postbuild/analyse_entry.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c1738d8752f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/kit/src/core/postbuild/analyse_entry.js
@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+/** @import { Server as KitServer, SSRManifest } from '@sveltejs/kit' */
+/** @import { ManifestData, ServerMetadata } from 'types' */
+/** @import { Manifest } from 'vite' */
+import { get } from '__sveltekit/ipc';
+import {
+	options,
+	set_manifest,
+	set_read_implementation,
+	set_private_env,
+	set_public_env,
+	set_building
+} from '__SERVER__/internal.js';
+import * as devalue from 'devalue';
+import { ENDPOINT_METHODS } from '../../constants.js';
+import { has_server_load, resolve_route } from '../../utils/routing.js';
+import { validate_server_exports } from '../../utils/exports.js';
+import { PageNodes } from '../../utils/page_nodes.js';
+import { check_feature } from '../../utils/features.js';
+import { filter_env } from '../../utils/env.js';
+import { create_synchronous_read } from '../../runtime/server/read.js';
+
+set_building();
+
+/** @implements {KitServer} */
+export class Server {
+	/** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').SSRManifest} */
+	manifest;
+
+	/** @type {import('types').SSROptions} */
+	options;
+
+	// set env, `read`, and `manifest`, in case they're used when we analyse the user's code
+
+	/** @param {SSRManifest} manifest */
+	constructor(manifest) {
+		this.manifest = manifest;
+		/** @type {import('types').SSROptions} */
+		this.options = options;
+
+		set_manifest(manifest);
+	}
+
+	/** @type {KitServer['init']} */
+	init({ env }) {
+		const { env_public_prefix, env_private_prefix } = this.options;
+
+		set_private_env(filter_env(env, env_private_prefix, env_public_prefix));
+		set_public_env(filter_env(env, env_public_prefix, env_private_prefix));
+
+		set_read_implementation(
+			create_synchronous_read(async (file) => {
+				const response = await get(`/read?${new URLSearchParams({ file })}`);
+				if (!response.ok) {
+					throw new Error(
+						`read(...) failed: could not fetch ${file} (${response.status} ${response.statusText})`
+					);
+				}
+				return response.body;
+			})
+		);
+
+		return Promise.resolve();
+	}
+
+	/** @type {KitServer['respond']} */
+	async respond(request) {
+		/** @type {{ hash: boolean; server_manifest: Manifest; tracked_features: Record<string, string[]>; manifest_data: ManifestData; }} */
+		const { server_manifest, tracked_features, manifest_data, hash } = devalue.parse(
+			await request.text()
+		);
+
+		const metadata = await analyse({
+			server_manifest,
+			tracked_features,
+			manifest: this.manifest,
+			manifest_data,
+			hash
+		});
+
+		return new Response(devalue.stringify(metadata));
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ *
+ * @param {object} opts
+ * @param {Manifest} opts.server_manifest
+ * @param {Record<string, string[]>} opts.tracked_features
+ * @param {SSRManifest} opts.manifest
+ * @param {ManifestData} opts.manifest_data
+ * @param {boolean} opts.hash
+ * @returns {Promise<ServerMetadata>}
+ */
+async function analyse({ server_manifest, tracked_features, manifest, manifest_data, hash }) {
+	/** @type {import('types').ServerMetadata} */
+	const metadata = {
+		nodes: [],
+		routes: new Map(),
+		remotes: new Map(),
+		remotes_with_prerender: new Set()
+	};
+
+	const nodes = await Promise.all(manifest._.nodes.map((loader) => loader()));
+
+	// analyse nodes
+	for (const node of nodes) {
+		if (hash && node.universal) {
+			const options = Object.keys(node.universal).filter((o) => o !== 'load');
+			if (options.length > 0) {
+				throw new Error(
+					`Page options are ignored when \`router.type === 'hash'\` (${node.universal_id} has ${options
+						.filter((o) => o !== 'load')
+						.map((o) => `'${o}'`)
+						.join(', ')})`
+				);
+			}
+		}
+
+		metadata.nodes[node.index] = {
+			has_server_load: has_server_load(node),
+			has_universal_load: node.universal?.load !== undefined
+		};
+	}
+
+	// analyse routes
+	for (const route of manifest._.routes) {
+		const page =
+			route.page &&
+			analyse_page(
+				route.page.layouts.map((n) => (n === undefined ? n : nodes[n])),
+				nodes[route.page.leaf]
+			);
+
+		const endpoint = route.endpoint && analyse_endpoint(route, await route.endpoint());
+
+		if (page?.prerender && endpoint?.prerender) {
+			throw new Error(`Cannot prerender a route with both +page and +server files (${route.id})`);
+		}
+
+		if (page?.config && endpoint?.config) {
+			for (const key in { ...page.config, ...endpoint.config }) {
+				if (JSON.stringify(page.config[key]) !== JSON.stringify(endpoint.config[key])) {
+					throw new Error(
+						`Mismatched route config for ${route.id} — the +page and +server files must export the same config, if any`
+					);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		const route_config = page?.config ?? endpoint?.config ?? {};
+		const prerender = page?.prerender ?? endpoint?.prerender;
+
+		if (prerender !== true) {
+			for (const feature of list_features(
+				route,
+				manifest_data,
+				server_manifest,
+				tracked_features
+			)) {
+				await check_feature(route.id, route_config, feature);
+			}
+		}
+
+		const page_methods = page?.methods ?? [];
+		const api_methods = endpoint?.methods ?? [];
+		const entries = page?.entries ?? endpoint?.entries;
+
+		metadata.routes.set(route.id, {
+			config: route_config,
+			methods: Array.from(new Set([...page_methods, ...api_methods])),
+			page: {
+				methods: page_methods
+			},
+			api: {
+				methods: api_methods
+			},
+			prerender,
+			entries:
+				entries && (await entries()).map((entry_object) => resolve_route(route.id, entry_object))
+		});
+	}
+
+	// analyse remotes
+	for (const [hash, loader] of Object.entries(manifest._.remotes)) {
+		const { default: functions } = await loader();
+
+		const exports = new Map();
+
+		for (const name in functions) {
+			const internals = /** @type {import('types').RemoteInternals} */ (functions[name].__);
+			const type = internals.type;
+
+			exports.set(name, {
+				type,
+				dynamic: type !== 'prerender' || internals.dynamic
+			});
+
+			if (type === 'prerender') {
+				metadata.remotes_with_prerender.add(hash);
+			}
+		}
+
+		metadata.remotes.set(hash, exports);
+	}
+
+	return metadata;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @param {import('types').SSRRoute} route
+ * @param {import('types').SSREndpoint} mod
+ */
+function analyse_endpoint(route, mod) {
+	validate_server_exports(mod, route.id);
+
+	if (mod.prerender && (mod.POST || mod.PATCH || mod.PUT || mod.DELETE)) {
+		throw new Error(
+			`Cannot prerender a +server file with POST, PATCH, PUT, or DELETE (${route.id})`
+		);
+	}
+
+	/** @type {Array<import('types').HttpMethod | '*'>} */
+	const methods = [];
+
+	for (const method of /** @type {import('types').HttpMethod[]} */ (ENDPOINT_METHODS)) {
+		if (mod[method]) methods.push(method);
+	}
+
+	if (mod.fallback) {
+		methods.push('*');
+	}
+
+	return {
+		config: mod.config,
+		entries: mod.entries,
+		methods,
+		prerender: mod.prerender ?? false
+	};
+}
+
+/**
+ * @param {Array<import('types').SSRNode | undefined>} layouts
+ * @param {import('types').SSRNode} leaf
+ */
+function analyse_page(layouts, leaf) {
+	/** @type {Array<'GET' | 'POST'>} */
+	const methods = ['GET'];
+	if (leaf.server?.actions) methods.push('POST');
+
+	const nodes = new PageNodes([...layouts, leaf]);
+	nodes.validate();
+
+	return {
+		config: nodes.get_config(),
+		entries: leaf.universal?.entries ?? leaf.server?.entries,
+		methods,
+		prerender: nodes.prerender()
+	};
+}
+
+/**
+ * @param {import('types').SSRRoute} route
+ * @param {import('types').ManifestData} manifest_data
+ * @param {import('vite').Manifest} server_manifest
+ * @param {Record<string, string[]>} tracked_features
+ */
+function list_features(route, manifest_data, server_manifest, tracked_features) {
+	const features = new Set();
+
+	const route_data = /** @type {import('types').RouteData} */ (
+		manifest_data.routes.find((r) => r.id === route.id)
+	);
+
+	const visited = new Set();
+	/** @param {string} id */
+	function visit(id) {
+		if (visited.has(id)) return;
+		visited.add(id);
+
+		const chunk = server_manifest[id];
+		if (!chunk) return;
+
+		if (chunk.file in tracked_features) {
+			for (const feature of tracked_features[chunk.file]) {
+				features.add(feature);
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (chunk.imports) {
+			for (const id of chunk.imports) {
+				visit(id);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	let page_node = route_data?.leaf;
+	while (page_node) {
+		if (page_node.server) visit(page_node.server);
+		page_node = page_node.parent ?? null;
+	}
+
+	if (route_data.endpoint) {
+		visit(route_data.endpoint.file);
+	}
+
+	if (manifest_data.hooks.server) {
+		// TODO if hooks.server.js imports `read`, it will be in the entry chunk
+		// we don't currently account for that case
+		visit(manifest_data.hooks.server);
+	}
+
+	return Array.from(features);
+}
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/core/postbuild/fallback.js b/packages/kit/src/core/postbuild/fallback.js
index 66fa0c6379e7..1421875985fd 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/core/postbuild/fallback.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/core/postbuild/fallback.js
@@ -1,49 +1,56 @@
-import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
-import { join } from 'node:path';
-import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url';
+/** @import { PluginOption } from 'vite' */
+import { escape_for_regexp } from '../../utils/escape.js';
+import { create_build_server } from '../../exports/vite/build/vite_server.js';
 import { load_config } from '../config/index.js';
 import { forked } from '../../utils/fork.js';
 
 export default forked(import.meta.url, generate_fallback);
 
+const prerender_entry = import.meta.resolve('./prerender_entry.js');
+
 /**
- * @param {{
- *   manifest_path: string;
- *   env: Record<string, string>;
- *   root: string;
- * }} opts
+ * @param {object} opts Arguments must be serialisable via the structured clone algorithm
+ * @param {string} opts.manifest_path
+ * @param {string} opts.out
+ * @param {string} opts.root
+ * @returns {Promise<string>}
  */
-async function generate_fallback({ manifest_path, env, root }) {
-	/** @type {import('types').ValidatedKitConfig} */
-	const config = (await load_config({ cwd: root })).kit;
-
-	const server_root = join(config.outDir, 'output');
-
-	/** @type {import('types').ServerInternalModule} */
-	const { set_building } = await import(pathToFileURL(`${server_root}/server/internal.js`).href);
-
-	/** @type {import('types').ServerModule} */
-	const { Server } = await import(pathToFileURL(`${server_root}/server/index.js`).href);
-
-	/** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').SSRManifest} */
-	const manifest = (await import(pathToFileURL(manifest_path).href)).manifest;
+async function generate_fallback({ manifest_path, out, root }) {
+	const svelte_config = await load_config({ cwd: root });
+
+	/** @type {PluginOption} */
+	const plugin_generate_fallback = {
+		name: 'vite-plugin-sveltekit-compile:generate-fallback',
+		configureServer(vite) {
+			return () => {
+				vite.middlewares.use((req, _, next) => {
+					req.url = req.url?.replace(
+						new RegExp(escape_for_regexp(`^http://localhost:${port}`)),
+						svelte_config.kit.prerender.origin
+					);
+					req.headers.host = new URL(svelte_config.kit.prerender.origin).host;
+
+					next();
+				});
+			};
+		}
+	};
+
+	const vite = await create_build_server({
+		svelte_config,
+		out,
+		manifest_path,
+		server_path: prerender_entry,
+		vite_plugins: [plugin_generate_fallback]
+	});
 
-	set_building();
+	await vite.listen();
 
-	const server = new Server(manifest);
-	await server.init({ env });
+	const address = vite.httpServer?.address();
+	const port = typeof address === 'string' ? Number(address.split(':').at(-1)) : address?.port;
+	const response = await fetch(`http://localhost:${port}/[fallback]`);
 
-	const response = await server.respond(new Request(config.prerender.origin + '/[fallback]'), {
-		getClientAddress: () => {
-			throw new Error('Cannot read clientAddress during prerendering');
-		},
-		prerendering: {
-			fallback: true,
-			dependencies: new Map(),
-			remote_responses: new Map()
-		},
-		read: (file) => readFileSync(join(config.files.assets, file))
-	});
+	await vite.close();
 
 	if (response.ok) {
 		return await response.text();
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/core/postbuild/prerender.js b/packages/kit/src/core/postbuild/prerender.js
index 79d5fd0b8c2e..a64ecd244acb 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/core/postbuild/prerender.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/core/postbuild/prerender.js
@@ -1,21 +1,23 @@
+/** @import { Logger, PrerenderDependency, Prerendered, PrerenderMap, ServerMetadata } from 'types' */
+/** @import { PluginOption } from 'vite' */
+/** @import { SerialisedResponse } from '../../exports/vite/types.js' */
 import { existsSync, readFileSync, statSync, writeFileSync } from 'node:fs';
 import { dirname, join } from 'node:path';
-import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url';
-import { mkdirp, posixify, walk } from '../../utils/filesystem.js';
+import { mkdirp, walk } from '../../utils/filesystem.js';
 import { noop } from '../../utils/functions.js';
 import { decode_uri, is_root_relative, resolve } from '../../utils/url.js';
-import { escape_html } from '../../utils/escape.js';
+import { escape_for_regexp, escape_html } from '../../utils/escape.js';
 import { logger } from '../utils.js';
-import { load_config } from '../config/index.js';
 import { get_route_segments } from '../../utils/routing.js';
 import { queue } from './queue.js';
 import { crawl } from './crawl.js';
 import { forked } from '../../utils/fork.js';
 import * as devalue from 'devalue';
-import { createReadableStream } from '@sveltejs/kit/node';
 import generate_fallback from './fallback.js';
-import { stringify_remote_arg } from '../../runtime/shared.js';
-import { filter_env } from '../../utils/env.js';
+import { posixify } from '../../utils/os.js';
+import { create_app_dir_matcher } from '../../exports/vite/dev/index.js';
+import { create_build_server } from '../../exports/vite/build/vite_server.js';
+import { load_config } from '../config/index.js';
 
 export default forked(import.meta.url, prerender);
 
@@ -25,36 +27,21 @@ export default forked(import.meta.url, prerender);
 // "If decodedFragment is an ASCII case-insensitive match for the string 'top', then return the top of the document."
 const SPECIAL_HASHLINKS = new Set(['', 'top']);
 
+const prerender_entry = import.meta.resolve('./prerender_entry.js');
+
 /**
- * @param {{
- *   hash: boolean;
- *   out: string;
- *   manifest_path: string;
- *   metadata: import('types').ServerMetadata;
- *   verbose: boolean;
- *   env: Record<string, string>;
- *   root: string;
- * }} opts
+ * @param {object} opts Arguments must be serialisable via the structured clone algorithm
+ * @param {string} opts.out
+ * @param {string} opts.manifest_path
+ * @param {ServerMetadata} opts.metadata
+ * @param {boolean} opts.verbose
+ * @param {string} opts.root
  */
-async function prerender({ hash, out, manifest_path, metadata, verbose, env, root }) {
-	/** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').SSRManifest} */
-	const manifest = (await import(pathToFileURL(manifest_path).href)).manifest;
-
-	/** @type {import('types').ServerInternalModule} */
-	const internal = await import(pathToFileURL(`${out}/server/internal.js`).href);
-
-	/** @type {import('types').ServerModule} */
-	const { Server } = await import(pathToFileURL(`${out}/server/index.js`).href);
-
-	// configure `import { building } from '$app/environment'` —
-	// essential we do this before analysing the code
-	internal.set_building();
-	internal.set_prerendering();
-
+async function prerender({ out, manifest_path, metadata, verbose, root }) {
 	/**
 	 * @template {{message: string}} T
 	 * @template {Omit<T, 'message'>} K
-	 * @param {import('types').Logger} log
+	 * @param {Logger} log
 	 * @param {'fail' | 'warn' | 'ignore' | ((details: T) => void)} input
 	 * @param {(details: K) => string} format
 	 * @returns {(details: K) => void}
@@ -80,7 +67,7 @@ async function prerender({ hash, out, manifest_path, metadata, verbose, env, roo
 	const OK = 2;
 	const REDIRECT = 3;
 
-	/** @type {import('types').Prerendered} */
+	/** @type {Prerendered} */
 	const prerendered = {
 		pages: new Map(),
 		assets: new Map(),
@@ -88,7 +75,7 @@ async function prerender({ hash, out, manifest_path, metadata, verbose, env, roo
 		paths: []
 	};
 
-	/** @type {import('types').PrerenderMap} */
+	/** @type {PrerenderMap} */
 	const prerender_map = new Map();
 
 	for (const [id, { prerender }] of metadata.routes) {
@@ -97,21 +84,17 @@ async function prerender({ hash, out, manifest_path, metadata, verbose, env, roo
 		}
 	}
 
-	/** @type {Set<string>} */
-	const prerendered_routes = new Set();
-
-	/** @type {import('types').ValidatedKitConfig} */
-	const config = (await load_config({ cwd: root })).kit;
+	const svelte_config = await load_config({ cwd: root });
 
-	if (hash) {
+	if (svelte_config.kit.router.type === 'hash') {
 		const fallback = await generate_fallback({
 			manifest_path,
-			env,
+			out,
 			root
 		});
 
 		const file = output_filename('/', true);
-		const dest = `${config.outDir}/output/prerendered/pages/${file}`;
+		const dest = `${out}/prerendered/pages/${file}`;
 
 		mkdirp(dirname(dest));
 		writeFileSync(dest, fallback);
@@ -121,9 +104,7 @@ async function prerender({ hash, out, manifest_path, metadata, verbose, env, roo
 		return { prerendered, prerender_map };
 	}
 
-	const emulator = await config.adapter?.emulate?.();
-
-	/** @type {import('types').Logger} */
+	/** @type {Logger} */
 	const log = logger({ verbose });
 
 	/** @type {Map<string, string>} */
@@ -131,10 +112,10 @@ async function prerender({ hash, out, manifest_path, metadata, verbose, env, roo
 
 	const handle_http_error = normalise_error_handler(
 		log,
-		config.prerender.handleHttpError,
+		svelte_config.kit.prerender.handleHttpError,
 		({ status, path, referrer, referenceType }) => {
 			const message =
-				status === 404 && !path.startsWith(config.paths.base)
+				status === 404 && !path.startsWith(svelte_config.kit.paths.base)
 					? `${path} does not begin with \`base\`, which is configured in \`paths.base\` and can be imported from \`$app/paths\` - see https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/configuration#paths for more info`
 					: path;
 
@@ -144,7 +125,7 @@ async function prerender({ hash, out, manifest_path, metadata, verbose, env, roo
 
 	const handle_missing_id = normalise_error_handler(
 		log,
-		config.prerender.handleMissingId,
+		svelte_config.kit.prerender.handleMissingId,
 		({ path, id, referrers }) => {
 			return (
 				`The following pages contain links to ${path}#${id}, but no element with id="${id}" exists on ${path} - see the \`handleMissingId\` option in https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/configuration#prerender for more info:` +
@@ -155,7 +136,7 @@ async function prerender({ hash, out, manifest_path, metadata, verbose, env, roo
 
 	const handle_entry_generator_mismatch = normalise_error_handler(
 		log,
-		config.prerender.handleEntryGeneratorMismatch,
+		svelte_config.kit.prerender.handleEntryGeneratorMismatch,
 		({ generatedFromId, entry, matchedId }) => {
 			return `The entries export from ${generatedFromId} generated entry ${entry}, which was matched by ${matchedId} - see the \`handleEntryGeneratorMismatch\` option in https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/configuration#prerender for more info.`;
 		}
@@ -163,21 +144,21 @@ async function prerender({ hash, out, manifest_path, metadata, verbose, env, roo
 
 	const handle_not_prerendered_route = normalise_error_handler(
 		log,
-		config.prerender.handleUnseenRoutes,
+		svelte_config.kit.prerender.handleUnseenRoutes,
 		({ routes }) => {
 			const list = routes.map((id) => `  - ${id}`).join('\n');
 			return `The following routes were marked as prerenderable, but were not prerendered because they were not found while crawling your app:\n${list}\n\nSee the \`handleUnseenRoutes\` option in https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/configuration#prerender for more info.`;
 		}
 	);
 
-	const q = queue(config.prerender.concurrency);
+	const q = queue(svelte_config.kit.prerender.concurrency);
 
 	/**
 	 * @param {string} path
 	 * @param {boolean} is_html
 	 */
 	function output_filename(path, is_html) {
-		const file = path.slice(config.paths.base.length + 1) || 'index.html';
+		const file = path.slice(svelte_config.kit.paths.base.length + 1) || 'index.html';
 
 		if (is_html && !file.endsWith('.html')) {
 			return file + (file.endsWith('/') ? 'index.html' : '.html');
@@ -187,20 +168,19 @@ async function prerender({ hash, out, manifest_path, metadata, verbose, env, roo
 	}
 
 	const files = new Set(walk(`${out}/client`).map(posixify));
-	files.add(`${config.appDir}/env.js`);
+	files.add(`${svelte_config.kit.appDir}/env.js`);
 
-	const immutable = `${config.appDir}/immutable`;
+	const immutable = `${svelte_config.kit.appDir}/immutable`;
 	if (existsSync(`${out}/server/${immutable}`)) {
 		for (const file of walk(`${out}/server/${immutable}`)) {
-			files.add(posixify(`${config.appDir}/immutable/${file}`));
+			files.add(posixify(`${svelte_config.kit.appDir}/immutable/${file}`));
 		}
 	}
 
-	const remote_prefix = `${config.paths.base}/${config.appDir}/remote/`;
+	const remote_prefix = `${svelte_config.kit.paths.base}/${svelte_config.kit.appDir}/remote/`;
 
 	const seen = new Set();
 	const written = new Set();
-	const remote_responses = new Map();
 
 	/** @type {Map<string, Set<string>>} */
 	const expected_hashlinks = new Map();
@@ -218,7 +198,7 @@ async function prerender({ hash, out, manifest_path, metadata, verbose, env, roo
 		if (seen.has(decoded)) return;
 		seen.add(decoded);
 
-		const file = decoded.slice(config.paths.base.length + 1);
+		const file = decoded.slice(svelte_config.kit.paths.base.length + 1);
 		if (files.has(file)) return;
 
 		return q.add(() => visit(decoded, encoded || encodeURI(decoded), referrer, generated_from_id));
@@ -231,37 +211,35 @@ async function prerender({ hash, out, manifest_path, metadata, verbose, env, roo
 	 * @param {string} [generated_from_id]
 	 */
 	async function visit(decoded, encoded, referrer, generated_from_id) {
-		if (!decoded.startsWith(config.paths.base)) {
+		if (!decoded.startsWith(svelte_config.kit.paths.base)) {
 			handle_http_error({ status: 404, path: decoded, referrer, referenceType: 'linked' });
 			return;
 		}
 
-		/** @type {Map<string, import('types').PrerenderDependency>} */
-		const dependencies = new Map();
-
-		const response = await server.respond(new Request(config.prerender.origin + encoded), {
-			getClientAddress() {
-				throw new Error('Cannot read clientAddress during prerendering');
-			},
-			prerendering: {
-				dependencies,
-				remote_responses
-			},
-			read: (file) => {
-				// stuff we just wrote
-				const filepath = saved.get(file);
-				if (filepath) return readFileSync(filepath);
-
-				// Static assets emitted during build
-				if (file.startsWith(config.appDir)) {
-					return readFileSync(`${out}/server/${file}`);
-				}
+		/** @type {PromiseWithResolvers<Map<string, PrerenderDependency>>} */
+		const prerender_dependencies = Promise.withResolvers();
+
+		const event = `sveltekit:prerender-dependencies:${encoded}`;
+		/** @param {{ dependencies: Record<string, { response: SerialisedResponse; body: null | string | Uint8Array }> }} data */
+		const handle_dependencies = (data) => {
+			/** @type {Map<string, PrerenderDependency>} */
+			const deserialised = new Map();
+			for (const [path, dependency] of Object.entries(data.dependencies)) {
+				deserialised.set(path, {
+					response: new Response(dependency.response.body, {
+						headers: dependency.response.headers,
+						status: dependency.response.status,
+						statusText: dependency.response.statusText
+					}),
+					body: dependency.body
+				});
+			}
+			prerender_dependencies.resolve(deserialised);
+			vite.environments.ssr.hot.off(event, handle_dependencies);
+		};
+		vite.environments.ssr.hot.on(event, handle_dependencies);
 
-				// stuff in `static`
-				return readFileSync(join(config.files.assets, file));
-			},
-			emulator
-		});
+		const response = await fetch(`http://localhost:${port}${encoded}`, { redirect: 'manual' });
 
 		const encoded_id = response.headers.get('x-sveltekit-routeid');
 		const decoded_id = encoded_id && decode_uri(encoded_id);
@@ -282,7 +260,7 @@ async function prerender({ hash, out, manifest_path, metadata, verbose, env, roo
 		const category = decoded.startsWith(remote_prefix) ? 'data' : 'pages';
 		save(category, response, body, decoded, encoded, referrer, 'linked');
 
-		for (const [dependency_path, result] of dependencies) {
+		for (const [dependency_path, result] of await prerender_dependencies.promise) {
 			// this seems circuitous, but using new URL allows us to not care
 			// whether dependency_path is encoded or not
 			const encoded_dependency_path = new URL(dependency_path, 'http://localhost').pathname;
@@ -321,17 +299,21 @@ async function prerender({ hash, out, manifest_path, metadata, verbose, env, roo
 		const headers = Object.fromEntries(response.headers);
 
 		// if it's a 200 HTML response, crawl it. Skip error responses, as we don't save those
-		if (response.ok && config.prerender.crawl && headers['content-type'] === 'text/html') {
+		if (
+			response.ok &&
+			svelte_config.kit.prerender.crawl &&
+			headers['content-type'] === 'text/html'
+		) {
 			const { ids, hrefs } = crawl(body.toString(), decoded);
 
 			actual_hashlinks.set(decoded, ids);
 
 			/** @param {string} href */
 			const removePrerenderOrigin = (href) => {
-				if (href.startsWith(config.prerender.origin)) {
-					if (href === config.prerender.origin) return '/';
-					if (href.at(config.prerender.origin.length) !== '/') return href;
-					return href.slice(config.prerender.origin.length);
+				if (href.startsWith(svelte_config.kit.prerender.origin)) {
+					if (href === svelte_config.kit.prerender.origin) return '/';
+					if (href.at(svelte_config.kit.prerender.origin.length) !== '/') return href;
+					return href.slice(svelte_config.kit.prerender.origin.length);
 				}
 				return href;
 			};
@@ -360,6 +342,9 @@ async function prerender({ hash, out, manifest_path, metadata, verbose, env, roo
 		}
 	}
 
+	/** @type {Set<string>} */
+	const prerendered_routes = new Set();
+
 	/**
 	 * @param {'pages' | 'dependencies' | 'data'} category
 	 * @param {Response} response
@@ -377,7 +362,7 @@ async function prerender({ hash, out, manifest_path, metadata, verbose, env, roo
 		const is_html = response_type === REDIRECT || type === 'text/html';
 
 		const file = output_filename(decoded, is_html);
-		const dest = `${config.outDir}/output/prerendered/${category}/${file}`;
+		const dest = `${out}/prerendered/${category}/${file}`;
 
 		if (written.has(file)) return;
 
@@ -464,7 +449,7 @@ async function prerender({ hash, out, manifest_path, metadata, verbose, env, roo
 			handle_http_error({ status: response.status, path: decoded, referrer, referenceType });
 		}
 
-		manifest.assets.add(file);
+		vite.environments.ssr.hot.send('sveltekit:prerender-assets', file);
 		saved.set(file, dest);
 	}
 
@@ -476,55 +461,91 @@ async function prerender({ hash, out, manifest_path, metadata, verbose, env, roo
 		}
 	}
 
-	let should_prerender = false;
-
-	for (const value of prerender_map.values()) {
-		if (value) {
-			should_prerender = true;
-			break;
-		}
-	}
-
-	// the user's remote function modules may reference environment variables,
-	// `read` or the `manifest` at the top-level so we need to set them before
-	// evaluating those modules to avoid potential runtime errors
-	const { publicPrefix: public_prefix, privatePrefix: private_prefix } = config.env;
-	const private_env = filter_env(env, private_prefix, public_prefix);
-	const public_env = filter_env(env, public_prefix, private_prefix);
-	internal.set_private_env(private_env);
-	internal.set_public_env(public_env);
-	internal.set_manifest(manifest);
-	internal.set_read_implementation((file) => createReadableStream(`${out}/server/${file}`));
-
-	/** @type {Array<import('types').RemotePrerenderInternals>} */
-	const prerender_functions = [];
-
-	for (const loader of Object.values(manifest._.remotes)) {
-		const module = await loader();
-
-		for (const fn of Object.values(module.default)) {
-			if (fn?.__?.type === 'prerender') {
-				prerender_functions.push(fn.__);
-				should_prerender = true;
-			}
-		}
-	}
+	const should_prerender =
+		prerender_map.values().some((value) => !!value) || !!metadata.remotes_with_prerender.size;
 
 	if (!should_prerender) {
 		return { prerendered, prerender_map };
 	}
 
-	// only run the server after the `should_prerender` check so that we
-	// don't run the user's init hook unnecessarily
-	const server = new Server(manifest);
-	await server.init({
-		env,
-		read: (file) => createReadableStream(`${config.outDir}/output/server/${file}`)
+	log.info('Prerendering');
+
+	const prerender_read_pathname = create_app_dir_matcher(
+		svelte_config.kit.paths.base,
+		svelte_config.kit.appDir,
+		'/prerender-read'
+	);
+
+	/** @type {PluginOption} */
+	const plugin_prerender = {
+		name: 'vite-plugin-sveltekit-compile:prerender',
+		configureServer(vite) {
+			return () => {
+				vite.middlewares.use((req, res, next) => {
+					req.url = req.url?.replace(
+						new RegExp(escape_for_regexp(`^http://localhost:${port}`)),
+						svelte_config.kit.prerender.origin
+					);
+					req.headers.host = new URL(svelte_config.kit.prerender.origin).host;
+
+					const base = `${vite.config.server.https ? 'https' : 'http'}://${
+						req.headers[':authority'] || req.headers.host
+					}`;
+
+					const url = new URL(base + req.url);
+					const decoded = decodeURI(url.pathname);
+
+					if (decoded.match(prerender_read_pathname)) {
+						const file = url.searchParams.get('file');
+
+						if (!file) {
+							res.writeHead(400);
+							res.end('Missing file query argument');
+							return;
+						}
+
+						/** @type {Buffer<ArrayBuffer>} */
+						let data;
+
+						// stuff we just wrote
+						const filepath = saved.get(file);
+						if (filepath) {
+							data = readFileSync(filepath);
+						} else if (file.startsWith(svelte_config.kit.appDir)) {
+							// Static assets emitted during build
+							data = readFileSync(`${out}/server/${file}`);
+						} else {
+							// stuff in `static`
+							data = readFileSync(join(svelte_config.kit.files.assets, file));
+						}
+
+						res.setHeader('content-type', 'application/octet-stream');
+						res.end(data);
+						return;
+					}
+
+					next();
+				});
+			};
+		}
+	};
+
+	const vite = await create_build_server({
+		svelte_config,
+		out,
+		manifest_path,
+		server_path: prerender_entry,
+		vite_plugins: [plugin_prerender]
 	});
 
-	log.info('Prerendering');
+	// only start the app server after checking if prerendering is needed so
+	// that we don't run the user's `init` hook unnecessarily
+	await vite.listen();
+
+	const address = vite.httpServer?.address();
+	const port = typeof address === 'string' ? Number(address.split(':').at(-1)) : address?.port;
 
-	for (const entry of config.prerender.entries) {
+	for (const entry of svelte_config.kit.prerender.entries) {
 		if (entry === '*') {
 			for (const [id, prerender] of prerender_map) {
 				if (prerender) {
@@ -534,36 +555,40 @@ async function prerender({ hash, out, manifest_path, metadata, verbose, env, roo
 
 					if (processed_id.includes('[')) continue;
 					const path = `/${get_route_segments(processed_id).join('/')}`;
-					void enqueue(null, config.paths.base + path);
+					void enqueue(null, svelte_config.kit.paths.base + path);
 				}
 			}
 		} else {
-			void enqueue(null, config.paths.base + entry);
+			void enqueue(null, svelte_config.kit.paths.base + entry);
 		}
 	}
 
 	for (const { id, entries } of route_level_entries) {
 		for (const entry of entries) {
-			void enqueue(null, config.paths.base + entry, undefined, id);
+			void enqueue(null, svelte_config.kit.paths.base + entry, undefined, id);
 		}
 	}
 
-	const transport = (await internal.get_hooks()).transport ?? {};
-	for (const internals of prerender_functions) {
-		if (internals.has_arg) {
-			for (const arg of (await internals.inputs?.()) ?? []) {
-				void enqueue(
-					null,
-					remote_prefix + internals.id + '/' + stringify_remote_arg(arg, transport)
-				);
-			}
-		} else {
-			void enqueue(null, remote_prefix + internals.id);
-		}
+	const url = new URL(
+		`${svelte_config.kit.paths.base}/${svelte_config.kit.appDir}/prerender-functions`,
+		`http://localhost:${port}`
+	);
+	for (const name of metadata.remotes_with_prerender) {
+		url.searchParams.append('name', name);
+	}
+
+	const response = await fetch(url);
+	/** @type {string[]} */
+	const functions_to_prerender = await response.json();
+
+	for (const decoded of functions_to_prerender) {
+		void enqueue(null, decoded);
 	}
 
 	await q.done();
 
+	await vite.close();
+
 	// handle invalid fragment links
 	for (const [key, referrers] of expected_hashlinks) {
 		const index = key.indexOf('#');
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/core/postbuild/prerender_entry.js b/packages/kit/src/core/postbuild/prerender_entry.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..84622fff17cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/kit/src/core/postbuild/prerender_entry.js
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+/** @import { SSRManifest } from '@sveltejs/kit' */
+/** @import { InternalServer, RemotePrerenderInternals } from 'types' */
+/** @import { SerialisedResponse } from '../../exports/vite/types.js' */
+import { get } from '__sveltekit/ipc';
+import { Server as KitServer } from '__SERVER__/index.js';
+import { get_hooks, set_building, set_prerendering } from '__SERVER__/internal.js';
+import { stringify_remote_arg } from '../../runtime/shared.js';
+
+set_building();
+set_prerendering();
+
+export class Server extends KitServer {
+	#manifest;
+
+	/** @param {SSRManifest} manifest */
+	constructor(manifest) {
+		super(manifest);
+
+		this.#manifest = manifest;
+
+		import.meta.hot?.on('sveltekit:prerender-assets', (data) => {
+			manifest.assets.add(data);
+		});
+	}
+
+	/** @type {InternalServer['init']} */
+	async init(options) {
+		options.read = async (file) => {
+			const response = await get(`/read?${new URLSearchParams({ file })}`);
+			if (!response.ok) {
+				throw new Error(
+					`read(...) failed: could not fetch ${file} (${response.status} ${response.statusText})`
+				);
+			}
+			return response.body;
+		};
+
+		return super.init(options);
+	}
+
+	/** @type {InternalServer['respond']} */
+	async respond(request, options) {
+		options.getClientAddress = () => {
+			throw new Error('Cannot read clientAddress during prerendering');
+		};
+
+		options.prerendering = {
+			fallback: request.url.endsWith('/[fallback]'),
+			dependencies: new Map(),
+			remote_responses: import.meta.hot?.data.remote_responses
+		};
+
+		options.read = async (file) => {
+			const response = await get(`/prerender-read?${new URLSearchParams({ file })}`);
+			return Buffer.from(await response.arrayBuffer());
+		};
+
+		const url = new URL(request.url);
+
+		if (url.pathname === `/${this.#manifest.appPath}/prerender-functions`) {
+			const names = url.searchParams.getAll('name');
+			const pathnames = await get_prerender_function_paths(this.#manifest, names);
+			return Response.json(pathnames);
+		}
+
+		const response = await super.respond(request, options);
+
+		/** @type {Map<string, { response: SerialisedResponse; body: null | string | Uint8Array }>} */
+		const dependencies = new Map();
+		for (const [pathname, dependency] of options.prerendering.dependencies) {
+			dependencies.set(pathname, {
+				response: {
+					status: dependency.response.status,
+					statusText: dependency.response.statusText,
+					headers: Object.fromEntries(dependency.response.headers),
+					body: await dependency.response.arrayBuffer()
+				},
+				body: dependency.body
+			});
+		}
+		import.meta.hot?.send(`sveltekit:prerender-dependencies:${url.pathname}`, {
+			dependencies: Object.fromEntries(dependencies)
+		});
+
+		return response;
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * @param {SSRManifest} manifest
+ * @param {string[]} names
+ * @returns {Promise<string[]>}
+ */
+async function get_prerender_function_paths(manifest, names) {
+	/** @type {RemotePrerenderInternals[]} */
+	const prerender_functions = [];
+
+	for (const name of names) {
+		const module = await manifest._.remotes[name]();
+
+		for (const fn of Object.values(module.default)) {
+			if (fn?.__?.type === 'prerender') {
+				prerender_functions.push(fn.__);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	const remote_prefix = `/${manifest.appPath}/remote/`;
+
+	/** @type {string[]} */
+	const pathnames = [];
+
+	const transport = (await get_hooks()).transport ?? {};
+	for (const internals of prerender_functions) {
+		if (internals.has_arg) {
+			for (const arg of (await internals.inputs?.()) ?? []) {
+				pathnames.push(remote_prefix + internals.id + '/' + stringify_remote_arg(arg, transport));
+			}
+		} else {
+			pathnames.push(remote_prefix + internals.id);
+		}
+	}
+	return pathnames;
+}
+
+if (import.meta.hot) {
+	import.meta.hot.data.remote_responses ??= new Map();
+}
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/core/sync/create_manifest_data/index.js b/packages/kit/src/core/sync/create_manifest_data/index.js
index d7ffe012d6bd..1ad4996e0282 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/core/sync/create_manifest_data/index.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/core/sync/create_manifest_data/index.js
@@ -2,14 +2,16 @@ import { lookup } from 'mrmime';
 import fs from 'node:fs';
 import path from 'node:path';
 import { styleText } from 'node:util';
-import { posixify, resolve_entry } from '../../../utils/filesystem.js';
+import { resolve_entry } from '../../../utils/filesystem.js';
+import { posixify } from '../../../utils/os.js';
 import { parse_route_id } from '../../../utils/routing.js';
-import { list_files, runtime_directory } from '../../utils.js';
+import { list_files } from '../../utils.js';
 import { sort_routes } from './sort.js';
 import {
 	create_node_analyser,
 	get_page_options
 } from '../../../exports/vite/static_analysis/index.js';
+import { runtime_directory } from '../../../runtime/utils.js';
 
 /**
  * Generates the manifest data used for the client-side manifest and types generation.
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/core/sync/write_non_ambient.js b/packages/kit/src/core/sync/write_non_ambient.js
index 3b92b73dbc1b..9d945461d8a9 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/core/sync/write_non_ambient.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/core/sync/write_non_ambient.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import path from 'node:path';
 import { GENERATED_COMMENT } from '../../constants.js';
-import { posixify } from '../../utils/filesystem.js';
+import { posixify } from '../../utils/os.js';
 import { write_if_changed } from './utils.js';
 import { s } from '../../utils/misc.js';
 import { get_route_segments } from '../../utils/routing.js';
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/core/sync/write_server.js b/packages/kit/src/core/sync/write_server.js
index ebc1db336184..acfaed103c53 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/core/sync/write_server.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/core/sync/write_server.js
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 import path from 'node:path';
 import { styleText } from 'node:util';
 import { hash } from '../../utils/hash.js';
-import { posixify, resolve_entry } from '../../utils/filesystem.js';
+import { resolve_entry } from '../../utils/filesystem.js';
+import { posixify } from '../../utils/os.js';
 import { s } from '../../utils/misc.js';
 import { load_error_page, load_template } from '../config/index.js';
-import { runtime_directory } from '../utils.js';
+import { runtime_directory } from '../../runtime/utils.js';
 import { write_if_changed } from './utils.js';
 import { escape_html } from '../../utils/escape.js';
 
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/core/sync/write_tsconfig.js b/packages/kit/src/core/sync/write_tsconfig.js
index 1845a962e2cd..eaef8e2ee55d 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/core/sync/write_tsconfig.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/core/sync/write_tsconfig.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import fs from 'node:fs';
 import path from 'node:path';
 import { styleText } from 'node:util';
-import { posixify } from '../../utils/filesystem.js';
+import { posixify } from '../../utils/os.js';
 import { write_if_changed } from './utils.js';
 
 /**
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/core/sync/write_types/index.js b/packages/kit/src/core/sync/write_types/index.js
index 3ecd36c23c7c..21fd68d79d52 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/core/sync/write_types/index.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/core/sync/write_types/index.js
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 import fs from 'node:fs';
 import path from 'node:path';
 import MagicString from 'magic-string';
-import { posixify, rimraf, walk } from '../../../utils/filesystem.js';
+import { rimraf, walk } from '../../../utils/filesystem.js';
 import { compact } from '../../../utils/array.js';
+import { posixify } from '../../../utils/os.js';
 import { ts } from '../ts.js';
 const remove_relative_parent_traversals = (/** @type {string} */ path) =>
 	path.replace(/\.\.\//g, '');
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/core/utils.js b/packages/kit/src/core/utils.js
index 6e63c3cb582b..991c6091e061 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/core/utils.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/core/utils.js
@@ -1,19 +1,10 @@
 import fs from 'node:fs';
 import path from 'node:path';
-import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
 import { styleText } from 'node:util';
-import { posixify, to_fs } from '../utils/filesystem.js';
+import { to_fs } from '../exports/vite/filesystem.js';
+import { runtime_directory } from '../runtime/utils.js';
 import { noop } from '../utils/functions.js';
-
-/**
- * Resolved path of the `runtime` directory
- *
- * TODO Windows issue:
- * Vite or sth else somehow sets the driver letter inconsistently to lower or upper case depending on the run environment.
- * In playwright debug mode run through VS Code this a root-to-lowercase conversion is needed in order for the tests to run.
- * If we do this conversion in other cases it has the opposite effect though and fails.
- */
-export const runtime_directory = posixify(fileURLToPath(new URL('../runtime', import.meta.url)));
+import { posixify } from '../utils/os.js';
 
 /**
  * This allows us to import SvelteKit internals that aren't exposed via `pkg.exports` in a
@@ -24,7 +15,7 @@ export const runtime_directory = posixify(fileURLToPath(new URL('../runtime', im
  */
 export function get_runtime_base(root) {
 	return runtime_directory.startsWith(root)
-		? `/${path.relative(root, runtime_directory)}`
+		? `/${posixify(path.relative(root, runtime_directory))}`
 		: to_fs(runtime_directory);
 }
 
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/exports/internal/index.js b/packages/kit/src/exports/internal/index.js
index eb9589c368d4..68eb1b74a95a 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/exports/internal/index.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/exports/internal/index.js
@@ -88,3 +88,8 @@ export class ValidationError extends Error {
 }
 
 export { init_remote_functions } from './remote-functions.js';
+
+// re-exporting this allows us to import it from generated modules under @sveltejs/kit/internal
+// whereas importing devalue directly would error if the user doesn't have it in
+// their package.json
+export * as devalue from 'devalue';
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/exports/public.d.ts b/packages/kit/src/exports/public.d.ts
index 6a5f7bb9de31..a4478aafe2e7 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/exports/public.d.ts
+++ b/packages/kit/src/exports/public.d.ts
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import {
 import { BuildData, SSRNodeLoader, SSRRoute, ValidatedConfig } from 'types';
 import { SvelteConfig } from '@sveltejs/vite-plugin-svelte';
 import { StandardSchemaV1 } from '@standard-schema/spec';
+import { PluginOption } from 'vite';
 import {
 	RouteId as AppRouteId,
 	LayoutParams as AppLayoutParams,
@@ -62,11 +63,14 @@ export interface Adapter {
 		 */
 		instrumentation?: () => boolean;
 	};
-	/**
-	 * Creates an `Emulator`, which allows the adapter to influence the environment
-	 * during dev, build and prerendering.
-	 */
-	emulate?: () => MaybePromise<Emulator>;
+	vite?: {
+		/**
+		 * Add a Vite plugin here to replace the default Node SSR environment.
+		 * The provided Vite plugins should configure the dev and preview servers
+		 * @since 3.0.0
+		 */
+		plugins?: PluginOption;
+	};
 }
 
 export type LoadProperties<input extends Record<string, any> | void> = input extends void
@@ -103,6 +107,12 @@ type UnpackValidationError<T> =
 			? undefined // needs to be undefined, because void will corrupt union type
 			: T;
 
+export interface ManifestGenerationOptions {
+	/** A relative path to the base directory of the server build output */
+	relativePath: string;
+	routes?: RouteDefinition[];
+}
+
 /**
  * This object is passed to the `adapt` function of adapters.
  * It contains various methods and properties that are useful for adapting the app.
@@ -146,9 +156,8 @@ export interface Builder {
 
 	/**
 	 * Generate a server-side manifest to initialise the SvelteKit [server](https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/@sveltejs-kit#Server) with.
-	 * @param opts a relative path to the base directory of the app and optionally in which format (esm or cjs) the manifest should be generated
 	 */
-	generateManifest: (opts: { relativePath: string; routes?: RouteDefinition[] }) => string;
+	generateManifest: (opts: ManifestGenerationOptions) => string;
 
 	/**
 	 * Resolve a path to the `name` directory inside `outDir`, e.g. `/path/to/.svelte-kit/my-adapter`.
@@ -309,21 +318,12 @@ export interface Cookies {
 	serialize: (name: string, value: string, opts: import('cookie').SerializeOptions) => string;
 }
 
-/**
- * A collection of functions that influence the environment during dev, build and prerendering
- */
-export interface Emulator {
-	/**
-	 * A function that is called with the current route `config` and `prerender` option
-	 * and returns an `App.Platform` object
-	 */
-	platform?(details: { config: any; prerender: PrerenderOption }): MaybePromise<App.Platform>;
-}
-
 export interface KitConfig {
+	// TODO: remove this in 4.0
 	/**
 	 * Your [adapter](https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/adapters) is run when executing `vite build`. It determines how the output is converted for different platforms.
 	 * @default undefined
+	 * @deprecated removed in 3.0.0. Adapters should now be passed to the `sveltekit` Vite plugin in `vite.config.js`
 	 */
 	adapter?: Adapter;
 	/**
@@ -909,6 +909,15 @@ export interface KitConfig {
 	};
 }
 
+export interface KitViteConfig {
+	/**
+	 * Your [adapter](https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/adapters) is run when executing `vite build`. It determines how the output is converted for different platforms.
+	 * @since 3.0.0
+	 * @default undefined
+	 */
+	adapter?: Adapter;
+}
+
 /**
  * The [`handle`](https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/hooks#Server-hooks-handle) hook runs every time the SvelteKit server receives a [request](https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/web-standards#Fetch-APIs-Request) and
  * determines the [response](https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/web-standards#Fetch-APIs-Response).
@@ -1645,19 +1654,25 @@ export interface ServerInitOptions {
 	read?: (file: string) => MaybePromise<ReadableStream | null>;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Required to instantiate `Server` with project specific information
+ */
 export interface SSRManifest {
+	/** The directory where SvelteKit keeps its stuff, including static assets (such as JS and CSS) and internally-used routes. */
 	appDir: string;
+	/** The `base` and `appDir` settings combined without a leading slash. */
 	appPath: string;
+	base: string;
 	/** Static files from `kit.config.files.assets` and the service worker (if any). */
 	assets: Set<string>;
 	mimeTypes: Record<string, string>;
 
-	/** private fields */
+	/** @internal private fields */
 	_: {
 		client: NonNullable<BuildData['client']>;
 		nodes: SSRNodeLoader[];
 		/** hashed filename -> import to that file */
-		remotes: Record<string, () => Promise<any>>;
+		remotes: Record<string, () => Promise<{ default: Record<string, any> }>>;
 		routes: SSRRoute[];
 		prerendered_routes: Set<string>;
 		matchers: () => Promise<Record<string, ParamMatcher>>;
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/build/build_server.js b/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/build/build_server.js
index 65ae7914a291..5e4bb422a87a 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/build/build_server.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/build/build_server.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+/** @import { AssetDependencies, ManifestData, RecursiveRequired, SSRNode, ValidatedConfig, ValidatedKitConfig } from 'types' */
+/** @import { Manifest, Rolldown } from 'vite' */
+
 import fs from 'node:fs';
 import { mkdirp } from '../../../utils/filesystem.js';
 import {
@@ -14,27 +17,55 @@ import { fix_css_urls } from '../../../utils/css.js';
 import { escape_for_interpolation } from '../../../utils/escape.js';
 
 /**
- * @param {string} out
- * @param {import('types').ValidatedKitConfig} kit
- * @param {import('types').ManifestData} manifest_data
- * @param {import('vite').Manifest} server_manifest
- * @param {import('vite').Manifest | null} client_manifest
- * @param {string | null} assets_path
- * @param {import('vite').Rolldown.RolldownOutput['output'] | null} client_chunks
- * @param {import('types').RecursiveRequired<import('types').ValidatedConfig['kit']['output']>} output_config
- * @param {string} root
+ * @overload partial build to analyse the server nodes
+ * @param {object} opts
+ * @param {string} opts.out
+ * @param {ManifestData} opts.manifest_data
+ * @param {Manifest} opts.server_manifest
+ * @param {string} opts.root
+ * @returns {void}
+ */
+/**
+ * @overload final build
+ * @param {object} opts
+ * @param {string} opts.out
+ * @param {ManifestData} opts.manifest_data
+ * @param {Manifest} opts.server_manifest
+ * @param {Manifest} opts.client_manifest
+ * @param {ValidatedKitConfig['paths']} opts.paths
+ * @param {number} opts.inline_style_threshold
+ * @param {string} opts.assets_path
+ * @param {Rolldown.RolldownOutput['output']} opts.client_chunks
+ * @param {RecursiveRequired<ValidatedConfig['kit']['output']>} opts.output_config
+ * @param {string} opts.root
+ * @returns {void}
+ */
+/**
+ * @param {object} opts
+ * @param {string} opts.out
+ * @param {ManifestData} opts.manifest_data
+ * @param {Manifest} opts.server_manifest
+ * @param {Manifest} [opts.client_manifest]
+ * @param {ValidatedKitConfig['paths']} [opts.paths]
+ * @param {number} [opts.inline_style_threshold]
+ * @param {string} [opts.assets_path] path to `_app/immutable/assets`
+ * @param {Rolldown.RolldownOutput['output']} [opts.client_chunks]
+ * @param {RecursiveRequired<ValidatedConfig['kit']['output']>} [opts.output_config]
+ * @param {string} opts.root
+ * @returns {void}
  */
-export function build_server_nodes(
+export function build_server_nodes({
 	out,
-	kit,
 	manifest_data,
 	server_manifest,
 	client_manifest,
+	paths,
+	inline_style_threshold,
 	assets_path,
 	client_chunks,
 	output_config,
 	root
-) {
+}) {
 	mkdirp(`${out}/server/nodes`);
 	mkdirp(`${out}/server/stylesheets`);
 
@@ -51,14 +82,19 @@ export function build_server_nodes(
 	 */
 	let prepare_css_for_inlining = (css) => s(css);
 
-	if (client_chunks && kit.inlineStyleThreshold > 0 && output_config.bundleStrategy === 'split') {
+	if (
+		client_chunks &&
+		inline_style_threshold &&
+		inline_style_threshold > 0 &&
+		output_config?.bundleStrategy === 'split'
+	) {
 		for (const chunk of client_chunks) {
 			if (chunk.type !== 'asset' || !chunk.fileName.endsWith('.css')) {
 				continue;
 			}
 
 			const source = chunk.source.toString();
-			if (source.length < kit.inlineStyleThreshold) {
+			if (source.length < inline_style_threshold) {
 				stylesheets_to_inline.set(chunk.fileName, source);
 			}
 		}
@@ -67,7 +103,7 @@ export function build_server_nodes(
 		// relative path so that they are correct when inlined into the document.
 		// Although `paths.assets` is static, we need to pass in a fake path
 		// `/_svelte_kit_assets` at runtime when running `vite preview`
-		if (kit.paths.assets || kit.paths.relative) {
+		if (paths?.assets || paths?.relative) {
 			const static_assets = new Set(
 				manifest_data.assets.map((asset) => decodeURIComponent(asset.file))
 			);
@@ -115,7 +151,7 @@ export function build_server_nodes(
 		const imports = [];
 
 		// String representation of
-		/** @type {import('types').SSRNode} */
+		/** @type {SSRNode} */
 		/** @type {string[]} */
 		const exports = [`export const index = ${i};`];
 
@@ -164,22 +200,22 @@ export function build_server_nodes(
 		if (
 			client_manifest &&
 			(node.universal || node.component) &&
-			output_config.bundleStrategy === 'split'
+			output_config?.bundleStrategy === 'split'
 		) {
-			const entry_path = `${normalizePath(kit.outDir)}/generated/client-optimized/nodes/${i}.js`;
+			const entry_path = `${normalizePath(`${out}/..`)}/generated/client-optimized/nodes/${i}.js`;
 			const entry = find_deps(client_manifest, entry_path, true, root);
 
 			// Eagerly load client stylesheets and fonts imported by the SSR-ed page to avoid FOUC.
 			// However, if it is not used during SSR (not present in the server manifest),
 			// then it can be lazily loaded in the browser.
 
-			/** @type {import('types').AssetDependencies | undefined} */
+			/** @type {AssetDependencies | undefined} */
 			let component;
 			if (node.component) {
 				component = find_deps(server_manifest, node.component, true, root);
 			}
 
-			/** @type {import('types').AssetDependencies | undefined} */
+			/** @type {AssetDependencies | undefined} */
 			let universal;
 			if (node.universal) {
 				universal = find_deps(server_manifest, node.universal, true, root);
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/build/remote.js b/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/build/remote.js
index ddd91c6a8927..65eac5f1762c 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/build/remote.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/build/remote.js
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import fs from 'node:fs';
 import path from 'node:path';
 import { Parser } from 'acorn';
 import MagicString from 'magic-string';
-import { posixify } from '../../../utils/filesystem.js';
+import { posixify } from '../../../utils/os.js';
 
 /**
  * @param {typeof import('vite')} vite
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/build/vite_server.js b/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/build/vite_server.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..05b7da21b0be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/build/vite_server.js
@@ -0,0 +1,410 @@
+/** @import { Adapter } from '@sveltejs/kit' */
+/** @import { ValidatedConfig } from 'types' */
+/** @import { Connect, PluginOption, ViteDevServer } from 'vite' */
+/** @import { ModuleRunner } from 'vite/module-runner' */
+import fs from 'node:fs';
+import path, { basename } from 'node:path';
+import { exactRegex } from 'rolldown/filter';
+import sirv from 'sirv';
+import {
+	createFetchableDevEnvironment,
+	createServer,
+	createServerHotChannel,
+	createServerModuleRunner,
+	isFetchableDevEnvironment,
+	resolveConfig
+} from 'vite';
+import { getRequest, setResponse } from '@sveltejs/kit/node';
+import { sveltekit_env, sveltekit_ipc } from '../module_ids.js';
+import { dedent } from '../../../core/sync/utils.js';
+import {
+	check_feature,
+	create_app_dir_matcher,
+	has_correct_case,
+	invalidate_module,
+	remove_static_middlewares
+} from '../dev/index.js';
+import { s } from '../../../utils/misc.js';
+import { get_env } from '../utils.js';
+import { SVELTE_KIT_ASSETS } from '../../../constants.js';
+
+/**
+ * Spins up a Vite dev server along with the build output so that we can run
+ * analysis and prerendering in the environment itself. This helps us avoid
+ * runtime errors when the user imports non-Node runtime APIs such as `cloudflare:workers`.
+ * We achieve this by using Vite's `resolveId` hook to intercept module resolution
+ * and provide a `Server` class that runs our custom instructions.
+ * @param {object} opts
+ * @param {ValidatedConfig} opts.svelte_config
+ * @param {string} opts.out
+ * @param {string} opts.manifest_path
+ * @param {string} opts.server_path path to the module with our custom Server export
+ * @param {PluginOption} [opts.vite_plugins] additional plugins to customise the Vite behaviour
+ * @returns {Promise<ViteDevServer>}
+ */
+export async function create_build_server({
+	svelte_config,
+	out,
+	manifest_path,
+	server_path,
+	vite_plugins
+}) {
+	const vite_config = await resolveConfig({}, 'build');
+	/** @type {Adapter | undefined} */
+	const adapter = vite_config.plugins.find(
+		(plugin) => plugin.name === 'vite-plugin-sveltekit-adapter'
+	)?.api?.adapter;
+
+	/** @type {number | undefined} */
+	let port;
+
+	const app_path = `${svelte_config.kit.paths.base}/${svelte_config.kit.appDir}`;
+
+	/**
+	 * Allows us to perform Node operations from a non-Node environment by sending
+	 * a request to the Vite dev server. We can then configure a middleware to
+	 * intercept, operate, and respond.
+	 *
+	 * We can't achieve the same with import.meta.hot and Promise.withResolver()
+	 * because Cloudflare's workerd doesn't like it when we await a promise resolved
+	 * from import.meta.hot
+	 * @type {PluginOption}
+	 */
+	const plugin_ipc = {
+		name: 'vite-plugin-sveltekit-compile:ipc',
+		configureServer(vite) {
+			return () => {
+				vite.middlewares.use((_req, _res, next) => {
+					// ensure the server port is up-to-date
+					const address = vite.httpServer?.address();
+					const current_port =
+						typeof address === 'string' ? Number(address.split(':').at(-1)) : address?.port;
+					if (current_port && current_port !== port) {
+						port = current_port;
+						vite.environments.ssr.hot.send('sveltekit:port', port);
+						invalidate_module(vite, sveltekit_ipc);
+					}
+
+					next();
+				});
+			};
+		},
+		applyToEnvironment(environment) {
+			return environment.config.consumer === 'server';
+		},
+		resolveId: {
+			filter: {
+				id: exactRegex('__sveltekit/ipc')
+			},
+			handler() {
+				return '\0virtual:__sveltekit/ipc';
+			}
+		},
+		load: {
+			filter: {
+				id: exactRegex(sveltekit_ipc)
+			},
+			handler() {
+				return dedent`
+					// helps us avoid global fetch warnings we emit when the user uses it incorrectly
+					const native_fetch = globalThis.fetch;
+
+					export function get(pathname) {
+						return native_fetch(\`http://localhost:\${port}${app_path}\${pathname}\`);
+					}
+
+					let port${port ? ` = ${port}` : ''};
+					import.meta.hot?.on('sveltekit:port', (update) => { port = update });
+				`;
+			}
+		}
+	};
+
+	/** @type {{ public: Record<string, string>; private: Record<string, string> }} */
+	let env;
+
+	/** @type {Connect.ServerStackItem | undefined} */
+	let serve_static_middleware;
+
+	/** @type {PluginOption} */
+	const plugin_server = {
+		name: 'vite-plugin-sveltekit-compile:build-entry',
+		config(_, vite_config_env) {
+			env = get_env(svelte_config.kit.env, vite_config_env.mode);
+
+			return {
+				appType: 'custom',
+				cacheDir: `node_modules/.vite-${basename(server_path, '.js')}`,
+				environments: {
+					ssr: {
+						build: {
+							outDir: `${out}/server`
+						}
+					}
+				},
+				publicDir: `${out}/client`,
+				resolve: {
+					alias: [
+						{
+							find: '__SERVER__',
+							replacement: `${out}/server`
+						}
+					]
+				},
+				server: {
+					watch: {
+						ignored: out
+					}
+				}
+			};
+		},
+		configureServer(vite) {
+			const assets = svelte_config.kit.paths.assets
+				? SVELTE_KIT_ASSETS
+				: svelte_config.kit.paths.base;
+
+			const asset_server = sirv(`${out}/client`, {
+				dev: true,
+				etag: true,
+				maxAge: 0,
+				extensions: [],
+				setHeaders: (res) => {
+					res.setHeader('access-control-allow-origin', '*');
+				}
+			});
+
+			vite.middlewares.use((req, res, next) => {
+				const base = `${vite.config.server.https ? 'https' : 'http'}://${
+					req.headers[':authority'] || req.headers.host
+				}`;
+
+				const decoded = decodeURI(new URL(base + req.url).pathname);
+
+				if (decoded.startsWith(assets)) {
+					const pathname = decoded.slice(assets.length);
+					const file = svelte_config.kit.files.assets + pathname;
+
+					if (fs.existsSync(file) && !fs.statSync(file).isDirectory()) {
+						if (has_correct_case(file, svelte_config.kit.files.assets)) {
+							req.url = encodeURI(pathname); // don't need query/hash
+							asset_server(req, res);
+							return;
+						}
+					}
+				}
+
+				next();
+			});
+
+			const read_pathname = create_app_dir_matcher(
+				svelte_config.kit.paths.base,
+				svelte_config.kit.appDir,
+				'/read'
+			);
+
+			const check_feature_pathname = create_app_dir_matcher(
+				svelte_config.kit.paths.base,
+				svelte_config.kit.appDir,
+				'/check-feature'
+			);
+
+			return () => {
+				serve_static_middleware = vite.middlewares.stack.find(
+					(middleware) =>
+						/** @type {Function} */ (middleware.handle).name === 'viteServeStaticMiddleware'
+				);
+
+				// Vite will give a 403 on URLs like /test, /static, and /package.json preventing us from
+				// serving routes with those names. See https://github.com/vitejs/vite/issues/7363
+				remove_static_middlewares(vite.middlewares);
+
+				vite.middlewares.use((req, res, next) => {
+					// Vite's base middleware strips out the base path. Restore it
+					req.url = req.originalUrl;
+
+					const base = `${vite.config.server.https ? 'https' : 'http'}://${
+						req.headers[':authority'] || req.headers.host
+					}`;
+
+					const url = new URL(base + req.url);
+					const decoded = decodeURI(url.pathname);
+
+					if (decoded.match(check_feature_pathname)) {
+						const route_id = url.searchParams.get('route_id');
+						const config = url.searchParams.get('config');
+						const feature = url.searchParams.get('feature');
+
+						if (!route_id || !config || !feature) {
+							res.writeHead(400);
+							res.end('Must have route_id, config, and feature query arguments');
+							return;
+						}
+
+						const result = check_feature(route_id, JSON.parse(config), feature, adapter);
+
+						res.writeHead(200);
+						res.end(result?.message);
+						return;
+					}
+
+					if (decoded.match(read_pathname)) {
+						const file = url.searchParams.get('file');
+						if (!file) {
+							res.writeHead(400);
+							res.end('Missing file query argument');
+							return;
+						}
+
+						const readable_stream = fs.createReadStream(
+							`${svelte_config.kit.outDir}/output/server/${file}`
+						);
+
+						res.writeHead(200);
+						readable_stream.pipe(res);
+						return;
+					}
+
+					next();
+				});
+			};
+		},
+		applyToEnvironment(environment) {
+			return environment.config.consumer === 'server';
+		},
+		resolveId: {
+			filter: {
+				id: [
+					exactRegex('sveltekit:server-manifest'),
+					exactRegex('sveltekit:server'),
+					exactRegex('sveltekit:env')
+				]
+			},
+			handler(id) {
+				if (id === 'sveltekit:server-manifest') {
+					return manifest_path;
+				}
+
+				// substitute the Server class with our script instead
+				if (id === 'sveltekit:server') {
+					return server_path;
+				}
+
+				if (id === 'sveltekit:env') {
+					return sveltekit_env;
+				}
+			}
+		},
+		load: {
+			filter: {
+				id: exactRegex(sveltekit_env)
+			},
+			handler() {
+				return `export const env = ${s({ ...env.private, ...env.public })};`;
+			}
+		}
+	};
+
+	/** @type {ModuleRunner} */
+	let runner;
+
+	/** @type {string | undefined} */
+	let remote_address;
+
+	/** @type {PluginOption} */
+	const plugin_node_environment = {
+		name: 'vite-plugin-sveltekit-compile:node-environment',
+		config() {
+			return {
+				environments: {
+					ssr: {
+						dev: {
+							createEnvironment(name, config) {
+								return createFetchableDevEnvironment(name, config, {
+									hot: true,
+									transport: createServerHotChannel(),
+									async handleRequest(request) {
+										try {
+											/** @type {import('../dev/ssr_entry.js')} */
+											const { respond } = await runner.import('__sveltekit/dev-server-entry.js');
+											return await respond(request, remote_address);
+										} catch (error) {
+											// Vite doesn't log errors so we do it ourselves
+											console.error(error);
+											throw error;
+										}
+									}
+								});
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			};
+		},
+		async configureServer(vite) {
+			if (runner) await runner.close();
+			runner = createServerModuleRunner(vite.environments.ssr);
+
+			return () => {
+				vite.middlewares.use(async (req, res, next) => {
+					remote_address = req.socket.remoteAddress;
+
+					// Vite's base middleware strips out the base path. Restore it
+					req.url = req.originalUrl;
+
+					const base = `${vite.config.server.https ? 'https' : 'http'}://${
+						req.headers[':authority'] || req.headers.host
+					}`;
+
+					// fallback to our own fetch handler if the adapter doesn't provide one
+					if (!isFetchableDevEnvironment(vite.environments.ssr)) {
+						throw new Error(
+							'The Vite configured dev SSR environment must be a FetchableDevEnvironment'
+						);
+					}
+
+					const request = await getRequest({
+						base,
+						request: req
+					});
+					const response = await vite.environments.ssr.dispatchFetch(request);
+
+					if (response.status === 404) {
+						// @ts-expect-error
+						serve_static_middleware?.handle(req, res, () => {
+							void setResponse(res, response);
+						});
+					} else {
+						void setResponse(res, response);
+					}
+
+					next();
+				});
+			};
+		},
+		applyToEnvironment(environment) {
+			return environment.config.consumer === 'server';
+		},
+		resolveId: {
+			filter: {
+				id: exactRegex('__sveltekit/dev-server-entry.js')
+			},
+			handler() {
+				return path.join(import.meta.dirname, '../dev/ssr_entry.js');
+			}
+		}
+	};
+
+	/** @type {PluginOption} */
+	const plugins = [
+		vite_plugins,
+		plugin_ipc,
+		plugin_server,
+		adapter?.vite?.plugins ?? plugin_node_environment
+	].filter(Boolean);
+
+	return await createServer({
+		configFile: false,
+		command: 'serve',
+		plugins
+	});
+}
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/dev/index.js b/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/dev/index.js
index 23cbf21b3c58..9d2c78cc6114 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/dev/index.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/dev/index.js
@@ -1,24 +1,20 @@
-/** @import { RequestEvent } from '@sveltejs/kit' */
-/** @import { PrerenderOption, UniversalNode } from 'types' */
 import fs from 'node:fs';
 import path from 'node:path';
 import { URL } from 'node:url';
-import { AsyncLocalStorage } from 'node:async_hooks';
 import { styleText } from 'node:util';
 import sirv from 'sirv';
-import { isCSSRequest, loadEnv, buildErrorMessage } from 'vite';
-import { createReadableStream, getRequest, setResponse } from '../../../exports/node/index.js';
+import { isCSSRequest, isFetchableDevEnvironment } from 'vite';
+import { getRequest, setResponse } from '../../../exports/node/index.js';
 import { coalesce_to_error } from '../../../utils/error.js';
-import { from_fs, posixify, resolve_entry, to_fs } from '../../../utils/filesystem.js';
+import { resolve_entry } from '../../../utils/filesystem.js';
+import { posixify } from '../../../utils/os.js';
 import { load_error_page } from '../../../core/config/index.js';
 import { SVELTE_KIT_ASSETS } from '../../../constants.js';
 import * as sync from '../../../core/sync/sync.js';
-import { get_mime_lookup, get_runtime_base } from '../../../core/utils.js';
-import { compact } from '../../../utils/array.js';
 import { is_chrome_devtools_request, not_found } from '../utils.js';
-import { SCHEME } from '../../../utils/url.js';
-import { check_feature } from '../../../utils/features.js';
-import { escape_html } from '../../../utils/escape.js';
+import { escape_for_regexp, escape_html } from '../../../utils/escape.js';
+import { sveltekit_ipc, sveltekit_manifest_data } from '../module_ids.js';
+import { to_fs } from '../filesystem.js';
 
 // vite-specifc queries that we should skip handling for css urls
 const vite_css_query_regex = /(?:\?|&)(?:raw|url|inline)(?:&|$)/;
@@ -27,100 +23,34 @@ const vite_css_query_regex = /(?:\?|&)(?:raw|url|inline)(?:&|$)/;
  * @param {import('vite').ViteDevServer} vite
  * @param {import('vite').ResolvedConfig} vite_config
  * @param {import('types').ValidatedConfig} svelte_config
- * @param {() => Array<{ hash: string, file: string }>} get_remotes
  * @param {string} root The project root directory
- * @return {Promise<Promise<() => void>>}
+ * @param {import('types').DevEnvironment} dev_environment
+ * @param {import('@sveltejs/kit').Adapter | undefined} adapter
+ * @return {() => void}
  */
-export async function dev(vite, vite_config, svelte_config, get_remotes, root) {
-	/** @type {AsyncLocalStorage<{ event: RequestEvent, config: any, prerender: PrerenderOption }>} */
-	const async_local_storage = new AsyncLocalStorage();
-
-	globalThis.__SVELTEKIT_TRACK__ = (label) => {
-		const context = async_local_storage.getStore();
-		if (!context || context.prerender === true) return;
-
-		check_feature(
-			/** @type {string} */ (context.event.route.id),
-			context.config,
-			label,
-			svelte_config.kit.adapter
-		);
-	};
-
-	const fetch = globalThis.fetch;
-	globalThis.fetch = (info, init) => {
-		if (typeof info === 'string' && !SCHEME.test(info)) {
-			throw new Error(
-				`Cannot use relative URL (${info}) with global fetch — use \`event.fetch\` instead: https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/web-standards#fetch-apis`
-			);
-		}
-
-		return fetch(info, init);
-	};
-
+export function dev(vite, vite_config, svelte_config, root, dev_environment, adapter) {
 	sync.init(svelte_config, vite_config.mode, root);
 
 	/** @type {import('types').ManifestData} */
 	let manifest_data;
-	/** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').SSRManifest} */
-	let manifest;
 
 	/** @type {Error | null} */
 	let manifest_error = null;
 
-	/** @param {string} url */
-	async function loud_ssr_load_module(url) {
-		try {
-			return await vite.ssrLoadModule(url, { fixStacktrace: true });
-		} catch (/** @type {any} */ err) {
-			const msg = buildErrorMessage(err, [
-				styleText('red', `Internal server error: ${err.message}`)
-			]);
-
-			if (!vite.config.logger.hasErrorLogged(err)) {
-				vite.config.logger.error(msg, { error: err });
-			}
-
-			vite.ws.send({
-				type: 'error',
-				err: /** @type {import('vite').ErrorPayload['err']} */ ({
-					...err,
-					// these properties are non-enumerable and will
-					// not be serialized unless we explicitly include them
-					message: err.message,
-					stack: err.stack ?? ''
-				})
-			});
-
-			throw err;
-		}
-	}
-
-	/** @param {string} id */
-	async function resolve(id) {
-		const url = id.startsWith('..') ? to_fs(path.posix.resolve(id)) : `/${id}`;
-
-		const module = await loud_ssr_load_module(url);
-
-		const module_node = await vite.moduleGraph.getModuleByUrl(url);
-		if (!module_node) throw new Error(`Could not find node for ${url}`);
-
-		return { module, module_node, url };
-	}
-
 	function update_manifest() {
 		try {
 			({ manifest_data } = sync.create(svelte_config, root));
+			dev_environment.manifest_data = manifest_data;
 
 			if (manifest_error) {
 				manifest_error = null;
-				vite.ws.send({ type: 'full-reload' });
+				vite.hot.send({ type: 'full-reload' });
 			}
 		} catch (error) {
 			manifest_error = /** @type {Error} */ (error);
 
 			console.error(styleText(['bold', 'red'], manifest_error.message));
-			vite.ws.send({
+			vite.hot.send({
 				type: 'error',
 				err: {
 					message: manifest_error.message ?? 'Invalid routes',
@@ -131,195 +61,7 @@ export async function dev(vite, vite_config, svelte_config, get_remotes, root) {
 			return;
 		}
 
-		manifest = {
-			appDir: svelte_config.kit.appDir,
-			appPath: svelte_config.kit.appDir,
-			assets: new Set(manifest_data.assets.map((asset) => asset.file)),
-			mimeTypes: get_mime_lookup(manifest_data),
-			_: {
-				client: {
-					start: `${get_runtime_base(root)}/client/entry.js`,
-					app: `${to_fs(svelte_config.kit.outDir)}/generated/client/app.js`,
-					imports: [],
-					stylesheets: [],
-					fonts: [],
-					uses_env_dynamic_public: true,
-					nodes:
-						svelte_config.kit.router.resolution === 'client'
-							? undefined
-							: manifest_data.nodes.map((node, i) => {
-									if (node.component || node.universal) {
-										return `${svelte_config.kit.paths.base}${to_fs(svelte_config.kit.outDir)}/generated/client/nodes/${i}.js`;
-									}
-								}),
-					// `css` is not necessary in dev, as the JS file from `nodes` will reference the CSS file
-					routes:
-						svelte_config.kit.router.resolution === 'client'
-							? undefined
-							: compact(
-									manifest_data.routes.map((route) => {
-										if (!route.page) return;
-
-										return {
-											id: route.id,
-											pattern: route.pattern,
-											params: route.params,
-											layouts: route.page.layouts.map((l) =>
-												l !== undefined ? [!!manifest_data.nodes[l].server, l] : undefined
-											),
-											errors: route.page.errors,
-											leaf: [!!manifest_data.nodes[route.page.leaf].server, route.page.leaf]
-										};
-									})
-								)
-				},
-				server_assets: new Proxy(
-					{},
-					{
-						has: (_, /** @type {string} */ file) => fs.existsSync(from_fs(file)),
-						get: (_, /** @type {string} */ file) => fs.statSync(from_fs(file)).size
-					}
-				),
-				nodes: manifest_data.nodes.map((node, index) => {
-					return async () => {
-						/** @type {import('types').SSRNode} */
-						const result = {};
-						result.index = index;
-						result.universal_id = node.universal;
-						result.server_id = node.server;
-
-						// these are unused in dev, but it's easier to include them
-						result.imports = [];
-						result.stylesheets = [];
-						result.fonts = [];
-
-						/** @type {import('vite').ModuleNode[]} */
-						const module_nodes = [];
-
-						if (node.component) {
-							result.component = async () => {
-								const { module_node, module } = await resolve(
-									/** @type {string} */ (node.component)
-								);
-
-								module_nodes.push(module_node);
-
-								return module.default;
-							};
-						}
-
-						if (node.universal) {
-							if (node.page_options?.ssr === false) {
-								result.universal = /** @type {UniversalNode} */ (node.page_options);
-							} else {
-								// TODO: explain why the file was loaded on the server if we fail to load it
-								const { module, module_node } = await resolve(node.universal);
-								module_nodes.push(module_node);
-								result.universal = module;
-							}
-						}
-
-						if (node.server) {
-							const { module } = await resolve(node.server);
-							result.server = module;
-						}
-
-						// in dev we inline all styles to avoid FOUC. this gets populated lazily so that
-						// components/stylesheets loaded via import() during `load` are included
-						result.inline_styles = async () => {
-							/** @type {Set<import('vite').ModuleNode | import('vite').EnvironmentModuleNode>} */
-							const deps = new Set();
-
-							for (const module_node of module_nodes) {
-								await find_deps(vite, module_node, deps);
-							}
-
-							/** @type {Record<string, string>} */
-							const styles = {};
-
-							for (const dep of deps) {
-								if (isCSSRequest(dep.url) && !vite_css_query_regex.test(dep.url)) {
-									const inlineCssUrl = dep.url.includes('?')
-										? dep.url.replace('?', '?inline&')
-										: dep.url + '?inline';
-									try {
-										const mod = await vite.ssrLoadModule(inlineCssUrl);
-										styles[dep.url] = mod.default;
-									} catch {
-										// this can happen with dynamically imported modules, I think
-										// because the Vite module graph doesn't distinguish between
-										// static and dynamic imports? TODO investigate, submit fix
-									}
-								}
-							}
-
-							return styles;
-						};
-
-						return result;
-					};
-				}),
-				prerendered_routes: new Set(),
-				get remotes() {
-					return Object.fromEntries(
-						get_remotes().map((remote) => [
-							remote.hash,
-							() => vite.ssrLoadModule(remote.file).then((module) => ({ default: module }))
-						])
-					);
-				},
-				routes: compact(
-					manifest_data.routes.map((route) => {
-						if (!route.page && !route.endpoint) return null;
-
-						const endpoint = route.endpoint;
-
-						return {
-							id: route.id,
-							pattern: route.pattern,
-							params: route.params,
-							page: route.page,
-							endpoint: endpoint
-								? async () => {
-										const url = path.resolve(root, endpoint.file);
-										return await loud_ssr_load_module(url);
-									}
-								: null,
-							endpoint_id: endpoint?.file
-						};
-					})
-				),
-				matchers: async () => {
-					/** @type {Record<string, import('@sveltejs/kit').ParamMatcher>} */
-					const matchers = {};
-
-					for (const key in manifest_data.matchers) {
-						const file = manifest_data.matchers[key];
-						const url = path.resolve(root, file);
-						const module = await vite.ssrLoadModule(url, { fixStacktrace: true });
-
-						if (module.match) {
-							matchers[key] = module.match;
-						} else {
-							throw new Error(`${file} does not export a \`match\` function`);
-						}
-					}
-
-					return matchers;
-				}
-			}
-		};
-	}
-
-	/** @param {Error} error */
-	function fix_stack_trace(error) {
-		try {
-			vite.ssrFixStacktrace(error);
-		} catch {
-			// ssrFixStacktrace can fail on StackBlitz web containers and we don't know why
-			// by ignoring it the line numbers are wrong, but at least we can show the error
-		}
-		return error.stack;
+		invalidate_module(vite, sveltekit_manifest_data);
 	}
 
 	update_manifest();
@@ -366,6 +108,16 @@ export async function dev(vite, vite_config, svelte_config, get_remotes, root) {
 		// Unless it's a file where the trailing slash page option might have changed
 		if (timeout || restarting || !/\+(page|layout|server).*$/.test(file)) return;
 		sync.update(svelte_config, manifest_data, file, root);
+
+		const nodes_page_options = manifest_data.nodes.map((node) => node.page_options);
+		const endpoints_page_options = manifest_data.routes.map(
+			(route) => route.endpoint?.page_options
+		);
+		vite.environments.ssr.hot.send('sveltekit:manifest-data', {
+			nodes_page_options,
+			endpoints_page_options
+		});
+		invalidate_module(vite, sveltekit_manifest_data);
 	});
 
 	const { appTemplate, errorTemplate, serviceWorker, hooks } = svelte_config.kit.files;
@@ -404,6 +156,7 @@ export async function dev(vite, vite_config, svelte_config, get_remotes, root) {
 	});
 
 	const assets = svelte_config.kit.paths.assets ? SVELTE_KIT_ASSETS : svelte_config.kit.paths.base;
+
 	const asset_server = sirv(svelte_config.kit.files.assets, {
 		dev: true,
 		etag: true,
@@ -437,10 +190,21 @@ export async function dev(vite, vite_config, svelte_config, get_remotes, root) {
 		next();
 	});
 
-	const env = loadEnv(vite_config.mode, svelte_config.kit.env.dir, '');
-	const emulator = await svelte_config.kit.adapter?.emulate?.();
+	const inline_styles_pathname = create_app_dir_matcher(
+		svelte_config.kit.paths.base,
+		svelte_config.kit.appDir,
+		'/inline-styles'
+	);
+	const check_feature_pathname = create_app_dir_matcher(
+		svelte_config.kit.paths.base,
+		svelte_config.kit.appDir,
+		'/check-feature'
+	);
 
 	return () => {
+		// ensure it has the correct server port
+		invalidate_module(vite, sveltekit_ipc);
+
 		const serve_static_middleware = vite.middlewares.stack.find(
 			(middleware) =>
 				/** @type {Function} */ (middleware.handle).name === 'viteServeStaticMiddleware'
@@ -450,7 +214,7 @@ export async function dev(vite, vite_config, svelte_config, get_remotes, root) {
 		// serving routes with those names. See https://github.com/vitejs/vite/issues/7363
 		remove_static_middlewares(vite.middlewares);
 
-		vite.middlewares.use(async (req, res) => {
+		vite.middlewares.use(async (req, res, next) => {
 			// Vite's base middleware strips out the base path. Restore it
 			const original_url = req.url;
 			req.url = req.originalUrl;
@@ -459,7 +223,9 @@ export async function dev(vite, vite_config, svelte_config, get_remotes, root) {
 					req.headers[':authority'] || req.headers.host
 				}`;
 
-				const decoded = decodeURI(new URL(base + req.url).pathname);
+				const url = new URL(base + req.url);
+				const decoded = decodeURI(url.pathname);
+
 				const file = posixify(
 					path.resolve(root, decoded.slice(svelte_config.kit.paths.base.length + 1))
 				);
@@ -483,6 +249,34 @@ export async function dev(vite, vite_config, svelte_config, get_remotes, root) {
 					return not_found(req, res, svelte_config.kit.paths.base);
 				}
 
+				if (decoded.match(inline_styles_pathname)) {
+					const urls = url.searchParams.getAll('urls');
+					const styles = await get_inline_css(vite, urls);
+					res.writeHead(200, {
+						'content-type': 'application/json'
+					});
+					res.end(JSON.stringify(styles));
+					return;
+				}
+
+				if (decoded.match(check_feature_pathname)) {
+					const route_id = url.searchParams.get('route_id');
+					const config = url.searchParams.get('config');
+					const feature = url.searchParams.get('feature');
+
+					if (!route_id || !config || !feature) {
+						res.writeHead(400);
+						res.end('Must have route_id, config, and feature query arguments');
+						return;
+					}
+
+					const result = check_feature(route_id, JSON.parse(config), feature, adapter);
+
+					res.writeHead(200);
+					res.end(result?.message);
+					return;
+				}
+
 				if (decoded === svelte_config.kit.paths.base + '/service-worker.js') {
 					const resolved = resolve_entry(svelte_config.kit.files.serviceWorker);
 
@@ -499,41 +293,6 @@ export async function dev(vite, vite_config, svelte_config, get_remotes, root) {
 					return;
 				}
 
-				const resolved_instrumentation = resolve_entry(
-					path.join(svelte_config.kit.files.src, 'instrumentation.server')
-				);
-
-				if (resolved_instrumentation) {
-					await vite.ssrLoadModule(resolved_instrumentation);
-				}
-
-				// we have to import `Server` before calling `set_assets`
-				const { Server } = /** @type {import('types').ServerModule} */ (
-					await vite.ssrLoadModule(`${get_runtime_base(root)}/server/index.js`, {
-						fixStacktrace: true
-					})
-				);
-
-				const { set_fix_stack_trace } = await vite.ssrLoadModule(
-					`${get_runtime_base(root)}/shared-server.js`
-				);
-				set_fix_stack_trace(fix_stack_trace);
-
-				const { set_assets } = await vite.ssrLoadModule('$app/paths/internal/server');
-				set_assets(assets);
-
-				const server = new Server(manifest);
-
-				await server.init({
-					env,
-					read: (file) => createReadableStream(from_fs(file))
-				});
-
-				const request = await getRequest({
-					base,
-					request: req
-				});
-
 				if (manifest_error) {
 					console.error(styleText(['bold', 'red'], manifest_error.message));
 
@@ -556,37 +315,36 @@ export async function dev(vite, vite_config, svelte_config, get_remotes, root) {
 					return;
 				}
 
-				const rendered = await server.respond(request, {
-					getClientAddress: () => {
-						const { remoteAddress } = req.socket;
-						if (remoteAddress) return remoteAddress;
-						throw new Error('Could not determine clientAddress');
-					},
-					read: (file) => {
-						if (file in manifest._.server_assets) {
-							return fs.readFileSync(from_fs(file));
-						}
-
-						return fs.readFileSync(path.join(svelte_config.kit.files.assets, file));
-					},
-					before_handle: (event, config, prerender) => {
-						async_local_storage.enterWith({ event, config, prerender });
-					},
-					emulator
-				});
-
-				if (rendered.status === 404) {
-					// @ts-expect-error
-					serve_static_middleware.handle(req, res, () => {
-						void setResponse(res, rendered);
+				// fallback to our own fetch handler if the adapter doesn't provide one
+				if (!adapter?.vite?.plugins) {
+					if (!isFetchableDevEnvironment(vite.environments.ssr)) {
+						throw new Error(
+							'The Vite configured dev SSR environment must be a FetchableDevEnvironment'
+						);
+					}
+
+					const request = await getRequest({
+						base,
+						request: req
 					});
-				} else {
-					void setResponse(res, rendered);
+					const response = await vite.environments.ssr.dispatchFetch(request);
+
+					if (response.status === 404) {
+						// @ts-expect-error
+						serve_static_middleware.handle(req, res, () => {
+							void setResponse(res, response);
+						});
+					} else {
+						void setResponse(res, response);
+					}
+					return;
 				}
+
+				next();
 			} catch (e) {
 				const error = coalesce_to_error(e);
 				res.statusCode = 500;
-				res.end(fix_stack_trace(error));
+				res.end(error.stack);
 			}
 		});
 	};
@@ -595,7 +353,7 @@ export async function dev(vite, vite_config, svelte_config, get_remotes, root) {
 /**
  * @param {import('connect').Server} server
  */
-function remove_static_middlewares(server) {
+export function remove_static_middlewares(server) {
 	const static_middlewares = ['viteServeStaticMiddleware', 'viteServePublicMiddleware'];
 	for (let i = server.stack.length - 1; i > 0; i--) {
 		// @ts-expect-error using internals
@@ -626,23 +384,20 @@ async function find_deps(vite, node, deps) {
 
 	/** @param {string} url */
 	async function add_by_url(url) {
-		const node = await get_server_module_by_url(vite, url);
+		const node = await vite.environments.ssr.moduleGraph.getModuleByUrl(url);
 
 		if (node) {
 			await add(node);
 		}
 	}
 
-	const transform_result =
-		/** @type {import('vite').ModuleNode} */ (node).ssrTransformResult || node.transformResult;
-
-	if (transform_result) {
-		if (transform_result.deps) {
-			transform_result.deps.forEach((url) => branches.push(add_by_url(url)));
+	if (node.transformResult) {
+		if (node.transformResult.deps) {
+			node.transformResult.deps.forEach((url) => branches.push(add_by_url(url)));
 		}
 
-		if (transform_result.dynamicDeps) {
-			transform_result.dynamicDeps.forEach((url) => branches.push(add_by_url(url)));
+		if (node.transformResult.dynamicDeps) {
+			node.transformResult.dynamicDeps.forEach((url) => branches.push(add_by_url(url)));
 		}
 	} else {
 		node.importedModules.forEach((node) => branches.push(add(node)));
@@ -651,16 +406,6 @@ async function find_deps(vite, node, deps) {
 	await Promise.all(branches);
 }
 
-/**
- * @param {import('vite').ViteDevServer} vite
- * @param {string} url
- */
-function get_server_module_by_url(vite, url) {
-	return vite.environments
-		? vite.environments.ssr.moduleGraph.getModuleByUrl(url)
-		: vite.moduleGraph.getModuleByUrl(url, true);
-}
-
 /**
  * Determine if a file is being requested with the correct case,
  * to ensure consistent behaviour between dev and prod and across
@@ -670,7 +415,7 @@ function get_server_module_by_url(vite, url) {
  * @param {string} assets
  * @returns {boolean}
  */
-function has_correct_case(file, assets) {
+export function has_correct_case(file, assets) {
 	if (file === assets) return true;
 
 	const parent = path.dirname(file);
@@ -681,3 +426,85 @@ function has_correct_case(file, assets) {
 
 	return false;
 }
+
+/**
+ * @param {import('vite').ViteDevServer} vite
+ * @param {string} id
+ * @returns {void}
+ */
+export function invalidate_module(vite, id) {
+	for (const environment in vite.environments) {
+		const module = vite.environments[environment].moduleGraph.getModuleById(id);
+		if (module) {
+			vite.environments[environment].moduleGraph.invalidateModule(module);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a RegExp to help match against app directory requests.
+ * @param {string} base
+ * @param {string} appDir
+ * @param {string} pattern
+ * @returns {RegExp}
+ */
+export function create_app_dir_matcher(base, appDir, pattern) {
+	return new RegExp(`^${escape_for_regexp(`${base}/${appDir}${pattern}`)}$`);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @param {import('vite').ViteDevServer} vite
+ * @param {string[]} urls
+ * @returns {Promise<Record<string, string>>}
+ */
+async function get_inline_css(vite, urls) {
+	/** @type {Set<import('vite').EnvironmentModuleNode>} */
+	const deps = new Set();
+
+	for (const url of urls) {
+		const module_node = await vite.environments.ssr.moduleGraph.getModuleByUrl(url);
+		if (!module_node) throw new Error(`Could not find node for ${url}`);
+		await find_deps(vite, module_node, deps);
+	}
+
+	/** @type {Map<string, string>} */
+	const styles = new Map();
+
+	for (const dep of deps) {
+		if (isCSSRequest(dep.url) && !vite_css_query_regex.test(dep.url)) {
+			const inline_css_url = dep.url.includes('?')
+				? dep.url.replace('?', '?inline&')
+				: dep.url + '?inline';
+			styles.set(dep.url, inline_css_url);
+		}
+	}
+
+	return Object.fromEntries(styles);
+}
+
+/**
+ *
+ * @param {string} route_id
+ * @param {unknown} config
+ * @param {string} feature
+ * @param {import('@sveltejs/kit').Adapter | undefined} adapter
+ * @returns { { message: string } | void }
+ */
+export function check_feature(route_id, config, feature, adapter) {
+	if (!adapter) return;
+
+	switch (feature) {
+		case '$app/server:read': {
+			const supported = adapter.supports?.read?.({
+				route: { id: route_id },
+				config
+			});
+
+			if (!supported) {
+				return {
+					message: `Cannot use \`read\` from \`$app/server\` in ${route_id} when using ${adapter.name}. Please ensure that your adapter is up to date and supports this feature.`
+				};
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/dev/server.js b/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/dev/server.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..bfbc3eb787ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/dev/server.js
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+import { AsyncLocalStorage } from 'node:async_hooks';
+import { DEV } from 'esm-env';
+import { Server as KitServer } from '../../../runtime/server/index.js';
+import { check_feature } from '../../../utils/features.js';
+import { SCHEME } from '../../../utils/url.js';
+import { manifest } from './ssr_manifest.js';
+
+const async_local_storage = new AsyncLocalStorage();
+
+/** @param {string} label */
+globalThis.__SVELTEKIT_TRACK__ = (label) => {
+	const context = async_local_storage.getStore();
+	if (!context || context.prerender === true) return;
+
+	// we can't await this because `read` has a synchronous signature
+	void check_feature(context.event.route.id, context.config, label);
+};
+
+const fetch = globalThis.fetch;
+/** @type {typeof fetch} */
+globalThis.fetch = (info, init) => {
+	if (typeof info === 'string' && !SCHEME.test(info)) {
+		throw new Error(
+			`Cannot use relative URL (\${info}) with global fetch — use \`event.fetch\` instead: https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/web-standards#fetch-apis`
+		);
+	}
+
+	return fetch(info, init);
+};
+
+export class Server extends KitServer {
+	/** @type {import('types').InternalServer['respond']} */
+	async respond(request, options) {
+		if (DEV) {
+			options.before_handle = async (event, config, prerender, handle) => {
+				// we need to use .run because .enterWith() is not supported in Cloudflare Workers
+				// see https://blog.cloudflare.com/workers-node-js-asynclocalstorage/
+				return await async_local_storage.run({ event, config, prerender }, handle);
+			};
+		}
+
+		return await super.respond(request, options);
+	}
+}
+
+import.meta.hot?.on('sveltekit:remote', async (hash) => {
+	const remote = (await manifest._.remotes[hash]()).default;
+
+	/** @type {Map<string, { type: string }>} */
+	const exports = new Map();
+	for (const name in remote) {
+		exports.set(name, { type: remote[name].__.type });
+	}
+	const data = Object.fromEntries(exports);
+
+	import.meta.hot?.send(`sveltekit:remote:${hash}`, data);
+});
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/dev/ssr_entry.js b/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/dev/ssr_entry.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b72347b43350
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/dev/ssr_entry.js
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/** @import { InternalServer } from 'types' */
+import fs from 'node:fs';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { env } from 'sveltekit:env';
+import { Server } from 'sveltekit:server';
+import { manifest } from 'sveltekit:server-manifest';
+import { createReadableStream } from '@sveltejs/kit/node';
+import { from_fs } from '../filesystem.js';
+
+/** @type {InternalServer} */
+const server = new Server(manifest);
+
+await server.init({
+	env,
+	read: (file) => createReadableStream(from_fs(file))
+});
+
+/**
+ * @param {Request} request
+ * @param {string | undefined} remote_address
+ * @returns {Promise<Response>}
+ */
+export async function respond(request, remote_address) {
+	return await server.respond(request, {
+		getClientAddress: () => {
+			if (remote_address) return remote_address;
+			throw new Error('Could not determine clientAddress');
+		},
+		read: (file) => {
+			if (file in manifest._.server_assets) {
+				return fs.readFileSync(from_fs(file));
+			}
+
+			return fs.readFileSync(path.join(__SVELTEKIT_FILES_ASSETS__, file));
+		}
+	});
+}
+
+import.meta.hot?.accept();
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/dev/ssr_manifest.js b/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/dev/ssr_manifest.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a2ea05dd42da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/dev/ssr_manifest.js
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+/** @import { SSRManifest } from '@sveltejs/kit' */
+import { server_assets } from '__sveltekit/server-assets';
+import { remotes } from '__sveltekit/remotes';
+import { manifest_data, mime_types } from '__sveltekit/manifest-data';
+import { get } from '__sveltekit/ipc';
+import { to_fs } from '../filesystem.js';
+import { compact } from '../../../utils/array.js';
+import { join } from '../../../utils/path.js';
+import { runtime_directory } from '../../../runtime/utils.js';
+
+/** @type {SSRManifest} */
+export const manifest = {
+	appDir: __SVELTEKIT_APP_DIR__,
+	appPath: `${__SVELTEKIT_PATHS_BASE__}/${__SVELTEKIT_APP_DIR__}`,
+	assets: new Set(manifest_data.assets.map((asset) => asset.file)),
+	base: __SVELTEKIT_PATHS_BASE__,
+	mimeTypes: mime_types,
+	_: {
+		client: {
+			start: to_fs(`${runtime_directory}/client/entry.js`),
+			app: `${to_fs(__SVELTEKIT_OUT_DIR__)}/generated/client/app.js`,
+			imports: [],
+			stylesheets: [],
+			fonts: [],
+			uses_env_dynamic_public: true,
+			nodes: __SVELTEKIT_CLIENT_ROUTING__
+				? undefined
+				: manifest_data.nodes.map((node, i) => {
+						if (node.component || node.universal) {
+							return `${__SVELTEKIT_PATHS_BASE__}${to_fs(__SVELTEKIT_OUT_DIR__)}/generated/client/nodes/${i}.js`;
+						}
+					}),
+
+			// \`css\` is not necessary in dev, as the JS file from \`nodes\` will reference the CSS file
+			routes: __SVELTEKIT_CLIENT_ROUTING__
+				? undefined
+				: compact(
+						manifest_data.routes.map((route) => {
+							if (!route.page) return;
+
+							return {
+								id: route.id,
+								pattern: route.pattern,
+								params: route.params,
+								layouts: route.page.layouts.map((l) =>
+									l !== undefined ? [!!manifest_data.nodes[l].server, l] : undefined
+								),
+								errors: route.page.errors,
+								leaf: [!!manifest_data.nodes[route.page.leaf].server, route.page.leaf]
+							};
+						})
+					)
+		},
+		server_assets,
+		nodes: manifest_data.nodes.map((node, i) => {
+			return async () => {
+				/** @type {import('types').SSRNode} */
+				const result = {};
+				result.index = i;
+				result.universal_id = node.universal;
+				result.server_id = node.server;
+
+				// these are unused in dev, but it's easier to include them
+				result.imports = [];
+				result.stylesheets = [];
+				result.fonts = [];
+
+				/** @type {string[]} */
+				const urls = [];
+
+				if (node.component) {
+					result.component = async () => {
+						const { module, url } = await resolve(
+							join(__SVELTEKIT_ROOT__, /** @type {string} */ (node.component))
+						);
+						urls.push(url);
+						return module.default;
+					};
+				}
+
+				if (node.universal) {
+					if (node.page_options?.ssr === false) {
+						result.universal = node.page_options;
+					} else {
+						// TODO: explain why the file was loaded on the server if we fail to load it
+						const { module, url } = await resolve(join(__SVELTEKIT_ROOT__, node.universal));
+						urls.push(url);
+						result.universal = module;
+					}
+				}
+
+				if (node.server) {
+					const { module } = await resolve(join(__SVELTEKIT_ROOT__, node.server));
+					result.server = module;
+				}
+
+				// in dev we inline all styles to avoid FOUC. this gets populated lazily so that
+				// components/stylesheets loaded via import() during `load` are included
+
+				result.inline_styles = async () => {
+					const search_params = new URLSearchParams();
+					for (const url of urls) {
+						search_params.append('urls', url);
+					}
+
+					const response = await get(`/inline-styles?${search_params}`);
+					if (!response.ok) {
+						throw new Error(
+							`Failed to fetch inline styles for node ${i}: ${response.status} ${response.statusText}. This should never happen`
+						);
+					}
+
+					/** @type {Record<string, string>} */
+					const styles = await response.json();
+
+					const importing_styles = Object.entries(styles).map(async ([dep_url, inline_css_url]) => {
+						return [
+							dep_url,
+							await import(/* @vite-ignore */ inline_css_url).then((mod) => mod.default)
+						];
+					});
+
+					return Object.fromEntries(await Promise.all(importing_styles));
+				};
+
+				return result;
+			};
+		}),
+		prerendered_routes: new Set(),
+		get remotes() {
+			return Object.fromEntries(
+				remotes.map((remote) => [
+					remote.hash,
+					() =>
+						import(/* @vite-ignore */ join(__SVELTEKIT_ROOT__, remote.file)).then((module) => ({
+							default: module
+						}))
+				])
+			);
+		},
+		routes: compact(
+			manifest_data.routes.map((route) => {
+				if (!route.page && !route.endpoint) return null;
+
+				const endpoint = route.endpoint;
+
+				return {
+					id: route.id,
+					pattern: route.pattern,
+					params: route.params,
+					page: route.page,
+					endpoint: endpoint
+						? async () => {
+								const url = join(__SVELTEKIT_ROOT__, endpoint.file);
+								const { module } = await resolve(url);
+								return module;
+							}
+						: null,
+					endpoint_id: endpoint?.file
+				};
+			})
+		),
+		matchers: async () => {
+			const importing_matchers = Object.entries(manifest_data.matchers).map(
+				async ([name, file]) => {
+					const url = join(__SVELTEKIT_ROOT__, file);
+					const { module } = await resolve(url);
+					if (!module.match) {
+						throw new Error(`${file} does not export a \`match\` function`);
+					}
+					return [name, module.match];
+				}
+			);
+			return Object.fromEntries(await Promise.all(importing_matchers));
+		}
+	}
+};
+
+/** @param {string} url */
+async function loud_ssr_load_module(url) {
+	try {
+		return await import(/* @vite-ignore */ url);
+	} catch (err) {
+		if (err instanceof Error) {
+			import.meta.hot?.send('sveltekit:ssr-load-module-error', {
+				...err,
+				// these properties are non-enumerable and will not be
+				// serialized unless we explicitly include them
+				message: err.message,
+				stack: err.stack
+			});
+		}
+
+		throw err;
+	}
+}
+
+/** @param {string} id */
+async function resolve(id) {
+	const url = id.startsWith('..') ? to_fs(id) : `file:///${id}`;
+	const module = await loud_ssr_load_module(url);
+	return { module, url };
+}
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/filesystem.js b/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/filesystem.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4214cc04f881
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/filesystem.js
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// this file needs to be runtime agnostic and avoid importing from `node:*` since
+// it may not be available in edge environments
+
+import { posixify } from '../../utils/os.js';
+
+/**
+ * Prepend given path with `/@fs` prefix
+ * @param {string} str
+ */
+export function to_fs(str) {
+	str = posixify(str);
+	return `/@fs${
+		// Windows/Linux separation - Windows starts with a drive letter, we need a / in front there
+		str.startsWith('/') ? '' : '/'
+	}${str}`;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Removes `/@fs` prefix from given path and posixifies it
+ * @param {string} str
+ */
+export function from_fs(str) {
+	str = posixify(str);
+	if (!str.startsWith('/@fs')) return str;
+
+	str = str.slice(4);
+	// Windows/Linux separation - Windows starts with a drive letter, we need to strip the additional / here
+	return str[2] === ':' && /[A-Z]/.test(str[1]) ? str.slice(1) : str;
+}
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/index.js b/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/index.js
index dd55018dc9b5..fe72bd8d464c 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/index.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/index.js
@@ -1,22 +1,32 @@
+/** @import { Adapter, KitViteConfig } from '@sveltejs/kit' */
 /** @import { Options } from '@sveltejs/vite-plugin-svelte' */
 /** @import { PreprocessorGroup } from 'svelte/compiler' */
-/** @import { ConfigEnv, Plugin, ResolvedConfig, UserConfig, ViteDevServer } from 'vite' */
+/** @import { ValidatedConfig, ValidatedKitConfig } from 'types' */
+/** @import { ConfigEnv, Plugin, PluginOption, ResolvedConfig, UserConfig, Manifest, EnvironmentOptions, Rolldown } from 'vite' */
+/** @import { ModuleRunner } from 'vite/module-runner' */
 import fs from 'node:fs';
 import path from 'node:path';
 import process from 'node:process';
 import { styleText } from 'node:util';
 
+import * as devalue from 'devalue';
 import { exactRegex, prefixRegex } from 'rolldown/filter';
+import {
+	buildErrorMessage,
+	createFetchableDevEnvironment,
+	createServerHotChannel,
+	createServerModuleRunner
+} from 'vite';
 
-import { copy, mkdirp, posixify, read, resolve_entry, rimraf } from '../../utils/filesystem.js';
+import { copy, mkdirp, read, resolve_entry, rimraf } from '../../utils/filesystem.js';
 import { create_static_module, create_dynamic_module } from '../../core/env.js';
 import * as sync from '../../core/sync/sync.js';
 import { create_assets } from '../../core/sync/create_manifest_data/index.js';
-import { runtime_directory, logger } from '../../core/utils.js';
+import { logger, get_mime_lookup } from '../../core/utils.js';
 import { generate_manifest } from '../../core/generate_manifest/index.js';
 import { build_server_nodes } from './build/build_server.js';
 import { assets_base, find_deps, resolve_symlinks } from './build/utils.js';
-import { dev } from './dev/index.js';
+import { dev, invalidate_module } from './dev/index.js';
 import { preview } from './preview/index.js';
 import {
 	error_for_missing_config,
@@ -31,7 +41,7 @@ import prerender from '../../core/postbuild/prerender.js';
 import analyse from '../../core/postbuild/analyse.js';
 import { s } from '../../utils/misc.js';
 import { hash } from '../../utils/hash.js';
-import { dedent } from '../../core/sync/utils.js';
+import { dedent, write_if_changed } from '../../core/sync/utils.js';
 import {
 	app_server,
 	env_dynamic_private,
@@ -39,20 +49,33 @@ import {
 	env_static_private,
 	env_static_public,
 	service_worker,
+	sveltekit_remotes,
 	sveltekit_environment,
-	sveltekit_server
+	sveltekit_server,
+	sveltekit_traced,
+	sveltekit_manifest_data,
+	sveltekit_env,
+	sveltekit_ipc
 } from './module_ids.js';
+import { to_fs } from './filesystem.js';
 import { import_peer } from '../../utils/import.js';
 import { compact } from '../../utils/array.js';
+import { posixify } from '../../utils/os.js';
 import { should_ignore, has_children } from './static_analysis/utils.js';
 import { load_config } from '../../core/config/index.js';
 import { treeshake_prerendered_remotes } from './build/remote.js';
+import { runtime_directory } from '../../runtime/utils.js';
+import { SVELTE_KIT_ASSETS } from '../../constants.js';
+import options from './options.js';
 
 const cwd = process.cwd();
 
 /** @type {string} */
 let root;
 
+/** @type {import('types').DevEnvironment | null} */
+let dev_environment = null;
+
 /** @type {import('./types.js').EnforcedConfig} */
 const enforced_config = {
 	appType: true,
@@ -140,12 +163,16 @@ let vite_plugin_svelte;
 
 /**
  * Returns the SvelteKit Vite plugins.
- * @returns {Promise<Plugin[]>}
+ * @param {KitViteConfig} [config]
+ * @returns {Promise<PluginOption[]>}
  */
-export async function sveltekit() {
+export async function sveltekit(config) {
+	/** @type {KitViteConfig} */
+	const validated = options(config, 'options');
+
 	// the config options will be set only after the Vite `config` hook runs
 	// because we need to find `svelte.config.js` relative to `vite.config.root`
-	const svelte_config = /** @type {import('types').ValidatedConfig} */ ({});
+	const svelte_config = /** @type {ValidatedConfig} */ ({});
 
 	/** @type {Options} */
 	const vite_plugin_svelte_options = {
@@ -158,12 +185,12 @@ export async function sveltekit() {
 
 	return [
 		plugin_svelte_config({ vite_plugin_svelte_options, svelte_config }),
-		...vite_plugin_svelte.svelte(vite_plugin_svelte_options),
-		...kit({ svelte_config })
+		vite_plugin_svelte.svelte(vite_plugin_svelte_options),
+		kit({ svelte_config, adapter: validated.adapter })
 	];
 }
 
-/** @param {import('vite').UserConfig | import('vite').ResolvedConfig} vite_config */
+/** @param {UserConfig | ResolvedConfig} vite_config */
 function resolve_root(vite_config) {
 	return posixify(vite_config.root ? path.resolve(vite_config.root) : cwd);
 }
@@ -173,9 +200,9 @@ function resolve_root(vite_config) {
  * of our other plugins try to access the config objects
  * @param {{
  *   vite_plugin_svelte_options: import('@sveltejs/vite-plugin-svelte').Options;
- * 	 svelte_config: import('types').ValidatedConfig;
+ * 	 svelte_config: ValidatedConfig;
  * }} options
- * @return {import('vite').Plugin}
+ * @return {Plugin}
  */
 function plugin_svelte_config({ vite_plugin_svelte_options, svelte_config }) {
 	return {
@@ -218,6 +245,16 @@ function plugin_svelte_config({ vite_plugin_svelte_options, svelte_config }) {
 	};
 }
 
+/**
+ * @param {unknown} value
+ * @returns {string | undefined}
+ */
+function revive_functions(value) {
+	if (value instanceof Function) {
+		return value.toString();
+	}
+}
+
 /**
  * Returns the SvelteKit Vite plugin. Vite executes Rolldown hooks as well as some of its own.
  * Background reading is available at:
@@ -228,14 +265,16 @@ function plugin_svelte_config({ vite_plugin_svelte_options, svelte_config }) {
  * - https://rolldown.rs/apis/plugin-api#build-hooks
  * - https://rolldown.rs/apis/plugin-api#output-generation-hooks
  *
- * @param {{ svelte_config: import('types').ValidatedConfig }} options
- * @return {import('vite').Plugin[]}
+ * @param {object} opts
+ * @param {ValidatedConfig} opts.svelte_config options are only resolved after the Vite `config` hook runs
+ * @param {Adapter | undefined} opts.adapter
+ * @return {PluginOption[]}
  */
-function kit({ svelte_config }) {
+function kit({ svelte_config, adapter }) {
 	/** @type {typeof import('vite')} */
 	let vite;
 
-	/** @type {import('types').ValidatedKitConfig} */
+	/** @type {ValidatedKitConfig} */
 	let kit;
 	/** @type {string} */
 	let out;
@@ -256,7 +295,7 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 	let env;
 
 	/** @type {import('types').ManifestData} */
-	let manifest_data;
+	let build_manifest_data;
 
 	/** @type {import('types').ServerMetadata | undefined} only set at build time once analysis is finished */
 	let build_metadata = undefined;
@@ -269,12 +308,16 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 	/** @type {import('node:path').ParsedPath} */
 	let parsed_service_worker;
 
+	/** @type {string | null} */
+	let server_instrumentation_file;
+
 	/** @type {string} */
 	let normalized_cwd;
 	/** @type {string} */
 	let normalized_lib;
 	/** @type {string} */
 	let normalized_node_modules;
+
 	/**
 	 * A map showing which features (such as `$app/server:read`) are defined
 	 * in which chunks, so that we can later determine which routes use which features
@@ -313,6 +356,9 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 
 				service_worker_entry_file = resolve_entry(kit.files.serviceWorker);
 				parsed_service_worker = path.parse(kit.files.serviceWorker);
+				server_instrumentation_file = resolve_entry(
+					path.join(kit.files.src, 'instrumentation.server')
+				);
 
 				vite = await import_peer('vite', root);
 
@@ -362,11 +408,10 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 					preview: {
 						cors: { preflightContinue: true }
 					},
+					// By default, only client environments inherit the top-level `optimizeDeps`
+					// but we manually pass it down in adapters that use `optimizeDeps` for "full-bundle mode"
 					optimizeDeps: {
-						entries: [
-							`${kit.files.routes}/**/+*.{svelte,js,ts}`,
-							`!${kit.files.routes}/**/+*server.*`
-						],
+						entries: [`${kit.files.routes}/**/+*.{svelte,js,ts}`],
 						exclude: [
 							// Without this SvelteKit will be prebundled on the client, which means we end up with two versions of Redirect etc.
 							// Also see https://github.com/sveltejs/kit/issues/5952#issuecomment-1218844057
@@ -375,7 +420,9 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 							// this does not affect app code, just handling of imported libraries that use $app or $env
 							'$app',
 							'$env'
-						]
+						],
+						// avoid Vite dev server reloading the first time a page is requested
+						include: ['@sveltejs/kit > devalue', '@sveltejs/kit > esm-env']
 					},
 					ssr: {
 						noExternal: [
@@ -417,6 +464,7 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 
 				const define = {
 					__SVELTEKIT_APP_DIR__: s(kit.appDir),
+					__SVELTEKIT_OUT_DIR__: s(kit.outDir),
 					__SVELTEKIT_EMBEDDED__: s(kit.embedded),
 					__SVELTEKIT_FORK_PRELOADS__: s(kit.experimental.forkPreloads),
 					__SVELTEKIT_PATHS_ASSETS__: s(kit.paths.assets),
@@ -425,32 +473,30 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 					__SVELTEKIT_CLIENT_ROUTING__: s(kit.router.resolution === 'client'),
 					__SVELTEKIT_HASH_ROUTING__: s(kit.router.type === 'hash'),
 					__SVELTEKIT_SERVER_TRACING_ENABLED__: s(kit.experimental.tracing.server),
-					__SVELTEKIT_EXPERIMENTAL_USE_TRANSFORM_ERROR__: s(kit.experimental.handleRenderingErrors)
+					__SVELTEKIT_EXPERIMENTAL_USE_TRANSFORM_ERROR__: s(kit.experimental.handleRenderingErrors),
+					__SVELTEKIT_ROOT__: s(root)
 				};
 
 				if (is_build) {
+					if (!new_config.build) new_config.build = {};
+
 					new_config.define = {
 						...define,
-						__SVELTEKIT_ADAPTER_NAME__: s(kit.adapter?.name),
+						__SVELTEKIT_ADAPTER_NAME__: s(adapter?.name),
 						__SVELTEKIT_APP_VERSION_FILE__: s(`${kit.appDir}/version.json`),
 						__SVELTEKIT_APP_VERSION_POLL_INTERVAL__: s(kit.version.pollInterval)
 					};
 
-					manifest_data = sync.all(svelte_config, config_env.mode, root).manifest_data;
+					build_manifest_data = sync.all(svelte_config, config_env.mode, root).manifest_data;
 				} else {
 					new_config.define = {
 						...define,
 						__SVELTEKIT_APP_VERSION_POLL_INTERVAL__: '0',
 						__SVELTEKIT_PAYLOAD__: 'globalThis.__sveltekit_dev',
 						__SVELTEKIT_HAS_SERVER_LOAD__: 'true',
-						__SVELTEKIT_HAS_UNIVERSAL_LOAD__: 'true'
+						__SVELTEKIT_HAS_UNIVERSAL_LOAD__: 'true',
+						__SVELTEKIT_FILES_ASSETS__: s(kit.files.assets)
 					};
-
-					// These Kit dependencies are packaged as CommonJS, which means they must always be externalized.
-					// Without this, the tests will still pass but `pnpm dev` will fail in projects that link `@sveltejs/kit`.
-					/** @type {NonNullable<import('vite').UserConfig['ssr']>} */ (new_config.ssr).external = [
-						'cookie'
-					];
 				}
 
 				warn_overridden_config(config, new_config);
@@ -467,6 +513,321 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 		}
 	};
 
+	/** @type {ModuleRunner} */
+	let runner;
+
+	/** @type {string | undefined} */
+	let remote_address;
+
+	/** @type {Plugin} */
+	const plugin_node_environment = {
+		name: 'vite-plugin-sveltekit-node-environment',
+		apply: 'serve',
+		config(config) {
+			/** @type {UserConfig} */
+			const new_config = {
+				environments: {
+					ssr: {
+						dev: {
+							createEnvironment(name, config) {
+								return createFetchableDevEnvironment(name, config, {
+									hot: true,
+									transport: createServerHotChannel(),
+									async handleRequest(request) {
+										try {
+											/** @type {import('./dev/ssr_entry.js')} */
+											const { respond } = await runner.import('__sveltekit/dev-server-entry.js');
+											return await respond(request, remote_address);
+										} catch (error) {
+											// Vite doesn't log errors so we do it ourselves
+											console.error(error);
+											throw error;
+										}
+									}
+								});
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			};
+
+			warn_overridden_config(config, new_config);
+
+			return new_config;
+		},
+		async configureServer(vite) {
+			if (runner) await runner.close();
+			runner = createServerModuleRunner(vite.environments.ssr);
+
+			return () => {
+				vite.middlewares.use((req, _res, next) => {
+					remote_address = req.socket.remoteAddress;
+					next();
+				});
+			};
+		},
+		resolveId: {
+			filter: {
+				id: exactRegex('__sveltekit/dev-server-entry.js')
+			},
+			handler() {
+				return server_instrumentation_file
+					? sveltekit_traced
+					: path.join(import.meta.dirname, 'dev/ssr_entry.js');
+			}
+		}
+	};
+
+	/** @type {Map<string, { size: number; data: Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer> }>} */
+	let server_assets;
+
+	/**
+	 * Allows us to access the filesystem synchronously from an environment that
+	 * doesn't have `node:fs`. This is used to dynamically populate the server
+	 * manifest's `server_assets` property.
+	 * @type {Plugin}
+	 */
+	const plugin_server_filesystem = {
+		name: 'vite-plugin-sveltekit-dev-server-filesystem',
+		apply: 'serve',
+		applyToEnvironment(environment) {
+			return environment.config.consumer === 'server';
+		},
+		configureServer() {
+			server_assets = new Map();
+		},
+		load: {
+			order: 'pre',
+			handler(id) {
+				if (!dev_environment) return;
+
+				const { searchParams, search } = new URL(id, `file://`);
+				const pathname = id.replace(search, '');
+
+				if (
+					(searchParams.has('url') || vite_config.assetsInclude(pathname)) &&
+					fs.existsSync(pathname)
+				) {
+					const filepath = pathname.startsWith(root)
+						? posixify(path.relative(root, pathname))
+						: to_fs(pathname);
+					// it should be a typed array for devalue to serialise it
+					const data = new Uint8Array(fs.readFileSync(pathname));
+					const size = data.byteLength;
+
+					// update it immediately
+					dev_environment.vite.environments.ssr.hot.send('sveltekit:server-assets', {
+						filepath,
+						size,
+						data: devalue.stringify(data)
+					});
+
+					// persist changes in case of server reload
+					server_assets.set(filepath, { size, data });
+					invalidate_module(dev_environment.vite, '__sveltekit/server-assets');
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	};
+
+	/** @type {number | undefined} */
+	let port;
+
+	/** @type {Plugin} */
+	const plugin_dev_ssr = {
+		name: 'vite-plugin-sveltekit-dev-ssr',
+		apply: 'serve',
+		configureServer(vite) {
+			return () => {
+				vite.middlewares.use((_req, _res, next) => {
+					// ensure the server port is up-to-date
+					const address = vite.httpServer?.address();
+					const current_port =
+						typeof address === 'string' ? Number(address.split(':').at(-1)) : address?.port;
+					if (current_port && current_port !== port) {
+						port = current_port;
+						vite.environments.ssr.hot.send('sveltekit:port', port);
+						invalidate_module(vite, sveltekit_ipc);
+					}
+
+					next();
+				});
+			};
+		},
+		applyToEnvironment(environment) {
+			return environment.config.consumer === 'server';
+		},
+		resolveId: {
+			filter: {
+				id: [
+					exactRegex('sveltekit:server-manifest'),
+					exactRegex('sveltekit:server'),
+					exactRegex('sveltekit:env'),
+					exactRegex('__sveltekit/server-assets')
+				]
+			},
+			handler(id) {
+				if (id === 'sveltekit:server-manifest') {
+					return path.join(import.meta.dirname, 'dev/ssr_manifest.js');
+				}
+
+				if (id === 'sveltekit:server') {
+					return path.join(import.meta.dirname, 'dev/server.js');
+				}
+
+				if (id === 'sveltekit:env') {
+					return sveltekit_env;
+				}
+
+				if (id === '__sveltekit/server-assets') {
+					/** @type {Array<[string, { size: number; data: Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer> }]>} */
+					const entries = [];
+
+					for (const asset of server_assets) {
+						entries.push(asset);
+					}
+
+					const content = dedent`
+						import { devalue } from '@sveltejs/kit/internal';
+
+						export const server_assets = {
+							${entries
+								.map(([filepath, { size }]) => {
+									return `${s(filepath)}: ${size}`;
+								})
+								.join(',\n')}
+						};
+
+						export const server_assets_content = ${devalue.uneval(
+							Object.fromEntries(entries.map(([filepath, { data }]) => [filepath, data]))
+						)};
+
+						import.meta.hot?.on('sveltekit:server-assets', async ({ filepath, size, data }) => {
+							server_assets[filepath] = size;
+							server_assets_content[filepath] = devalue.parse(data);
+						});
+					`;
+					const filepath = `${kit.outDir}/generated/server/server-assets.js`;
+					write_if_changed(filepath, content);
+					return filepath;
+				}
+			}
+		},
+		load: {
+			filter: {
+				id: [
+					exactRegex(sveltekit_env),
+					exactRegex(sveltekit_ipc),
+					exactRegex(sveltekit_remotes),
+					exactRegex(sveltekit_manifest_data),
+					exactRegex(sveltekit_traced)
+				]
+			},
+			handler(id) {
+				switch (id) {
+					case sveltekit_env: {
+						return `export const env = ${s({ ...env.private, ...env.public })};`;
+					}
+
+					case sveltekit_ipc: {
+						if (!dev_environment) {
+							throw new Error('dev_environment was not initialised. But this should never happen');
+						}
+
+						const address = dev_environment.vite.httpServer?.address();
+						const port =
+							typeof address === 'string' ? Number(address.split(':').at(-1)) : address?.port;
+
+						const app_path = `${svelte_config.kit.paths.base}/${svelte_config.kit.appDir}`;
+
+						return dedent`
+							// helps us avoid global fetch warnings we emit when the user uses it incorrectly
+							const native_fetch = globalThis.fetch;
+
+							export function get(pathname) {
+								return native_fetch(\`http://localhost:\${port}${app_path}\${pathname}\`);
+							}
+
+							let port${port ? ` = ${port}` : ''};
+							import.meta.hot?.on('sveltekit:port', (update) => { port = update });
+						`;
+					}
+
+					case sveltekit_remotes: {
+						return dedent`
+							export const remotes = ${s(remotes)};
+
+							import.meta.hot?.on('sveltekit:remotes', (data) => {
+								remotes.push(data);
+							});
+						`;
+					}
+
+					case sveltekit_manifest_data: {
+						if (!dev_environment) {
+							throw new Error('dev_environment was not initialised. But this should never happen');
+						}
+
+						const { manifest_data } = dev_environment;
+
+						const assets = svelte_config.kit.paths.assets
+							? SVELTE_KIT_ASSETS
+							: svelte_config.kit.paths.base;
+
+						return dedent`
+							import { set_assets } from '__SERVER__/internal.js';
+
+							set_assets(${s(assets)});
+
+							export const manifest_data = {
+								assets: ${s(manifest_data.assets)},
+								hooks: {
+									client: ${s(manifest_data.hooks.client)},
+									server: ${s(manifest_data.hooks.server)},
+									universal: ${s(manifest_data.hooks.universal)}
+								},
+								nodes: ${devalue.uneval(manifest_data.nodes, revive_functions)},
+								routes: ${devalue.uneval(manifest_data.routes)},
+								matchers: ${s(manifest_data.matchers)}
+							};
+
+							export const mime_types = ${s(get_mime_lookup(manifest_data))};
+
+							import.meta.hot?.on(
+								'sveltekit:manifest-data',
+								({ nodes_page_options, endpoints_page_options }) => {
+									for (let i = 0; i < nodes_page_options.length; i++) {
+									  manifest_data.nodes[i].page_options = nodes_page_options[i];
+									}
+
+									for (let i = 0; i < endpoints_page_options.length; i++) {
+									  const endpoint = manifest_data.routes[i].endpoint;
+										if (endpoint) endpoint.page_options = endpoints_page_options[i];
+									}
+								}
+							);
+						`;
+					}
+
+					case sveltekit_traced: {
+						if (!server_instrumentation_file) {
+							throw new Error('Server instrumentation file not found. This should never happen');
+						}
+
+						return dedent`
+							import '${posixify(server_instrumentation_file)}';
+
+							const { respond } = await import('${import.meta.resolve('./dev/ssr_entry.js')}');
+							export { respond };
+
+							import.meta.hot?.accept();
+						`;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	};
+
 	/** @type {Plugin} */
 	const plugin_virtual_modules = {
 		name: 'vite-plugin-sveltekit-virtual-modules',
@@ -512,7 +873,7 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 				return `${runtime_directory}/client/remote-functions/index.js`;
 			}
 
-			if (id.startsWith('__sveltekit/')) {
+			if (id.startsWith('__sveltekit/') && id !== '__sveltekit/dev-server-entry.js') {
 				return `\0virtual:${id}`;
 			}
 		},
@@ -563,37 +924,37 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 						return create_service_worker_module(svelte_config);
 
 					case sveltekit_environment: {
-						const { version } = svelte_config.kit;
+						const { version } = kit;
 
 						return dedent`
-						export const version = ${s(version.name)};
-						export let building = false;
-						export let prerendering = false;
+							export const version = ${s(version.name)};
+							export let building = false;
+							export let prerendering = false;
 
-						export function set_building() {
-							building = true;
-						}
+							export function set_building() {
+								building = true;
+							}
 
-						export function set_prerendering() {
-							prerendering = true;
-						}
-					`;
+							export function set_prerendering() {
+								prerendering = true;
+							}
+						`;
 					}
 
 					case sveltekit_server: {
 						return dedent`
-						export let read_implementation = null;
+							export let read_implementation = null;
 
-						export let manifest = null;
+							export let manifest = null;
 
-						export function set_read_implementation(fn) {
-							read_implementation = fn;
-						}
+							export function set_read_implementation(fn) {
+								read_implementation = fn;
+							}
 
-						export function set_manifest(_) {
-							manifest = _;
-						}
-					`;
+							export function set_manifest(_) {
+								manifest = _;
+							}
+						`;
 					}
 				}
 			}
@@ -629,7 +990,12 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 			// ]),
 			async handler(id, importer, options) {
 				if (importer && !importer.endsWith('index.html')) {
-					const resolved = await this.resolve(id, importer, { ...options, skipSelf: true });
+					const resolved = await this.resolve(id, importer, {
+						custom: options.custom,
+						isEntry: options.isEntry,
+						kind: options.kind,
+						skipSelf: true
+					});
 
 					if (resolved) {
 						const normalized = normalize_id(resolved.id, normalized_lib, normalized_cwd);
@@ -679,8 +1045,7 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 					return;
 				}
 
-				// in dev, this doesn't exist, so we need to create it
-				manifest_data ??= sync.all(svelte_config, vite_config_env.mode, root).manifest_data;
+				const manifest_data = dev_environment?.manifest_data ?? build_manifest_data;
 
 				/** @type {Set<string>} */
 				const entrypoints = new Set();
@@ -706,7 +1071,7 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 
 					chain.push((current = candidates[0]));
 
-					includes_remote_file ||= svelte_config.kit.moduleExtensions.some((ext) => {
+					includes_remote_file ||= kit.moduleExtensions.some((ext) => {
 						return current.endsWith(`.remote${ext}`);
 					});
 
@@ -739,11 +1104,8 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 		}
 	};
 
-	/** @type {ViteDevServer} */
-	let dev_server;
-
 	/** @type {Array<{ hash: string, file: string }>} */
-	const remotes = [];
+	let remotes = [];
 
 	/** @type {Map<string, string>} Maps remote hash -> original module id */
 	const remote_original_by_hash = new Map();
@@ -789,21 +1151,13 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 			}
 		},
 
-		configureServer(_dev_server) {
-			if (!kit.experimental.remoteFunctions) {
-				return;
-			}
-
-			dev_server = _dev_server;
-		},
-
 		async transform(code, id) {
 			if (!kit.experimental.remoteFunctions) {
 				return;
 			}
 
 			const normalized = normalize_id(id, normalized_lib, normalized_cwd);
-			if (!svelte_config.kit.moduleExtensions.some((ext) => normalized.endsWith(`.remote${ext}`))) {
+			if (!kit.moduleExtensions.some((ext) => normalized.endsWith(`.remote${ext}`))) {
 				return;
 			}
 
@@ -814,11 +1168,15 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 			};
 
 			remotes.push(remote);
+			if (dev_environment) {
+				dev_environment.vite.environments.ssr.hot.send(`sveltekit:remotes`, remote);
+				invalidate_module(dev_environment.vite, sveltekit_remotes);
+			}
 
 			if (this.environment.config.consumer !== 'client') {
 				// we need to add an `await Promise.resolve()` because if the user imports this function
 				// on the client AND in a load function when loading the client module we will trigger
-				// an ssrLoadModule during dev. During a link preload, the module can be mistakenly
+				// a ssrLoadModule during dev. During a link preload, the module can be mistakenly
 				// loaded and transformed twice and the first time all its exports would be undefined
 				// triggering a dev server error. By adding a microtask we ensure that the module is fully loaded
 
@@ -829,7 +1187,7 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 					import * as $$_self_$$ from './${path.basename(id)}';
 					import { init_remote_functions as $$_init_$$ } from '@sveltejs/kit/internal';
 
-					${dev_server ? 'await Promise.resolve()' : ''}
+					${dev_environment?.vite ? 'await Promise.resolve()' : ''}
 
 					$$_init_$$($$_self_$$, ${s(file)}, ${s(remote.hash)});
 
@@ -840,7 +1198,7 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 				`;
 
 				// Emit a dedicated entry chunk for this remote in SSR builds (prod only)
-				if (!dev_server) {
+				if (!dev_environment?.vite) {
 					remote_original_by_hash.set(remote.hash, id);
 					if (!emitted_remote_hashes.has(remote.hash)) {
 						this.emitFile({
@@ -863,11 +1221,24 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 			// in dev, load the server module here (which will result in this hook
 			// being called again with `opts.ssr === true` if the module isn't
 			// already loaded) so we can determine what it exports
-			if (dev_server) {
-				const module = await dev_server.ssrLoadModule(id);
+			if (dev_environment?.vite) {
+				/** @type {PromiseWithResolvers<Record<string, { type: import('types').RemoteInternals['type'] }>>} */
+				const load_ssr_remote = Promise.withResolvers();
+
+				const event = `sveltekit:remote:${remote.hash}`;
+				/** @param {Record<string, { type: import('types').RemoteInternals['type'] }>} payload */
+				const listener = (payload) => {
+					load_ssr_remote.resolve(payload);
+					dev_environment?.vite.environments.ssr.hot.off(event, listener);
+				};
+
+				dev_environment.vite.environments.ssr.hot.on(event, listener);
+				dev_environment.vite.environments.ssr.hot.send('sveltekit:remote', remote.hash);
+
+				const exports = await load_ssr_remote.promise;
 
-				for (const [name, value] of Object.entries(module)) {
-					const type = value?.__?.type;
+				for (const [name, value] of Object.entries(exports)) {
+					const type = value.type;
 					if (type) {
 						map.set(name, type);
 					}
@@ -895,7 +1266,7 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 
 			let result = `import * as ${namespace} from '__sveltekit/remote';\n\n${exports.join('\n')}\n`;
 
-			if (dev_server) {
+			if (dev_environment?.vite) {
 				result += `\nimport.meta.hot?.accept();\n`;
 			}
 
@@ -905,19 +1276,19 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 		}
 	};
 
-	/** @type {import('vite').Manifest} */
+	/** @type {Manifest} */
 	let client_manifest;
 	/** @type {import('types').Prerendered} */
 	let prerendered;
 
-	/** @type {Set<string>} */
+	/** @type {Set<string>} client output and static files */
 	let build;
 	/** @type {string} */
 	let service_worker_code;
 
 	/**
 	 * Creates the service worker virtual modules
-	 * @type {import('vite').Plugin}
+	 * @type {Plugin}
 	 */
 	const plugin_service_worker = {
 		name: 'vite-plugin-sveltekit-service-worker',
@@ -957,7 +1328,7 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 					];
 
 					export const files = [
-						${manifest_data.assets
+						${build_manifest_data.assets
 							.filter((asset) => kit.serviceWorker.files(asset.file))
 							.map((asset) => `base + ${s(`/${asset.file}`)}`)
 							.join(',\n')}
@@ -991,14 +1362,13 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 		}
 	};
 
-	/** @type {import('vite').Plugin} */
+	/** @type {() => Promise<void>} */
+	let finalise;
+
+	/** @type {Plugin} */
 	const plugin_compile = {
 		name: 'vite-plugin-sveltekit-compile',
 
-		applyToEnvironment(environment) {
-			return environment.name !== 'serviceWorker';
-		},
-
 		/**
 		 * Build the SvelteKit-provided Vite config to be merged with the user's vite.config.js file.
 		 * @see https://vitejs.dev/guide/api-plugin.html#config
@@ -1021,7 +1391,7 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 					};
 
 					// add entry points for every endpoint...
-					manifest_data.routes.forEach((route) => {
+					build_manifest_data.routes.forEach((route) => {
 						if (route.endpoint) {
 							const resolved = path.resolve(root, route.endpoint.file);
 							const relative = decodeURIComponent(path.relative(kit.files.routes, resolved));
@@ -1031,7 +1401,7 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 					});
 
 					// ...and every component used by pages...
-					manifest_data.nodes.forEach((node) => {
+					build_manifest_data.nodes.forEach((node) => {
 						for (const file of [node.component, node.universal, node.server]) {
 							if (file) {
 								const resolved = path.resolve(root, file);
@@ -1046,30 +1416,29 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 					});
 
 					// ...and every matcher
-					Object.entries(manifest_data.matchers).forEach(([key, file]) => {
+					Object.entries(build_manifest_data.matchers).forEach(([key, file]) => {
 						const name = posixify(path.join('entries/matchers', key));
 						server_input[name] = path.resolve(root, file);
 					});
 
 					// ...and the hooks files
-					if (manifest_data.hooks.server) {
-						server_input['entries/hooks.server'] = path.resolve(root, manifest_data.hooks.server);
+					if (build_manifest_data.hooks.server) {
+						server_input['entries/hooks.server'] = path.resolve(
+							root,
+							build_manifest_data.hooks.server
+						);
 					}
-					if (manifest_data.hooks.universal) {
+					if (build_manifest_data.hooks.universal) {
 						server_input['entries/hooks.universal'] = path.resolve(
 							root,
-							manifest_data.hooks.universal
+							build_manifest_data.hooks.universal
 						);
 					}
 
 					// ...and the server instrumentation file
-					const server_instrumentation = resolve_entry(
-						path.join(kit.files.src, 'instrumentation.server')
-					);
-					if (server_instrumentation) {
-						const { adapter } = kit;
+					if (server_instrumentation_file) {
 						if (adapter && !adapter.supports?.instrumentation?.()) {
-							throw new Error(`${server_instrumentation} is unsupported in ${adapter.name}.`);
+							throw new Error(`${server_instrumentation_file} is unsupported in ${adapter.name}.`);
 						}
 						if (!kit.experimental.instrumentation.server) {
 							error_for_missing_config(
@@ -1078,18 +1447,18 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 								'true'
 							);
 						}
-						server_input['instrumentation.server'] = server_instrumentation;
+						server_input['instrumentation.server'] = server_instrumentation_file;
 					}
 
 					/** @type {Record<string, string>} */
 					const client_input = {};
 
-					if (svelte_config.kit.output.bundleStrategy !== 'split') {
+					if (kit.output.bundleStrategy !== 'split') {
 						client_input['bundle'] = `${runtime_directory}/client/bundle.js`;
 					} else {
 						client_input['entry/start'] = `${runtime_directory}/client/entry.js`;
 						client_input['entry/app'] = `${kit.outDir}/generated/client-optimized/app.js`;
-						manifest_data.nodes.forEach((node, i) => {
+						build_manifest_data.nodes.forEach((node, i) => {
 							if (node.component || node.universal) {
 								client_input[`nodes/${i}`] =
 									`${kit.outDir}/generated/client-optimized/nodes/${i}.js`;
@@ -1097,7 +1466,7 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 						});
 					}
 
-					const inline = svelte_config.kit.output.bundleStrategy === 'inline';
+					const inline = kit.output.bundleStrategy === 'inline';
 
 					const config_base = assets_base(kit);
 
@@ -1160,7 +1529,7 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 										}
 									}
 								},
-								// during the initial server build we don't know yet
+								// these are stubs that will be replaced after the initial server build
 								define: {
 									__SVELTEKIT_HAS_SERVER_LOAD__: 'true',
 									__SVELTEKIT_HAS_UNIVERSAL_LOAD__: 'true',
@@ -1176,7 +1545,7 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 											format: inline ? 'iife' : 'esm',
 											entryFileNames: `${prefix}/[name].[hash].js`,
 											chunkFileNames: `${prefix}/chunks/[hash].js`,
-											codeSplitting: svelte_config.kit.output.bundleStrategy === 'split'
+											codeSplitting: kit.output.bundleStrategy === 'split'
 										},
 										// This silences Rolldown warnings about not supporting `import.meta`
 										// for the `iife` output format. We don't care because it's
@@ -1232,7 +1601,7 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 					};
 
 					if (service_worker_entry_file) {
-						/** @type {Record<string, import('vite').EnvironmentOptions>} */ (
+						/** @type {Record<string, EnvironmentOptions>} */ (
 							new_config.environments
 						).serviceWorker = {
 							build: {
@@ -1280,8 +1649,15 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 		 * Adds the SvelteKit middleware to do SSR in dev mode.
 		 * @see https://vitejs.dev/guide/api-plugin.html#configureserver
 		 */
-		async configureServer(vite) {
-			return await dev(vite, vite_config, svelte_config, () => remotes, root);
+		configureServer(vite) {
+			// other properties will be populated after running the `dev` function below
+			dev_environment = /** @type {import('types').DevEnvironment} */ ({
+				vite
+			});
+
+			vite.environments.ssr.hot.on('sveltekit:ssr-load-module-error', display_ssr_error_on_client);
+
+			return dev(vite, vite_config, svelte_config, root, dev_environment, adapter);
 		},
 
 		/**
@@ -1289,9 +1665,15 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 		 * @see https://vitejs.dev/guide/api-plugin.html#configurepreviewserver
 		 */
 		configurePreviewServer(vite) {
+			if (adapter?.vite?.plugins) return;
+
 			return preview(vite, vite_config, svelte_config);
 		},
 
+		applyToEnvironment(environment) {
+			return environment.name !== 'serviceWorker';
+		},
+
 		renderChunk(code, chunk) {
 			if (code.includes('__SVELTEKIT_TRACK__')) {
 				return {
@@ -1323,21 +1705,22 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 			}
 			mkdirp(out);
 
-			const server_bundle = /** @type {import('vite').Rolldown.RolldownOutput} */ (
+			const server_bundle = /** @type {Rolldown.RolldownOutput} */ (
 				await builder.build(builder.environments.ssr)
 			);
 
-			const verbose = vite_config.logLevel === 'info';
+			const verbose = builder.config.logLevel === 'info';
 			const log = logger({ verbose });
 
-			/** @type {import('vite').Manifest} */
+			/** @type {Manifest} */
 			const server_manifest = JSON.parse(read(`${out}/server/.vite/manifest.json`));
 
 			/** @type {import('types').BuildData} */
 			const build_data = {
 				app_dir: kit.appDir,
 				app_path: `${kit.paths.base.slice(1)}${kit.paths.base ? '/' : ''}${kit.appDir}`,
-				manifest_data,
+				base: kit.paths.base,
+				manifest_data: build_manifest_data,
 				out_dir: out,
 				service_worker: service_worker_entry_file ? 'service-worker.js' : null, // TODO make file configurable?
 				client: null,
@@ -1351,7 +1734,7 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 					build_data,
 					prerendered: [],
 					relative_path: '.',
-					routes: manifest_data.routes,
+					routes: build_manifest_data.routes,
 					remotes,
 					root
 				})};\n`
@@ -1360,15 +1743,11 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 			log.info('Analysing routes');
 
 			const { metadata } = await analyse({
-				hash: kit.router.type === 'hash',
 				manifest_path,
-				manifest_data,
+				manifest_data: build_manifest_data,
 				server_manifest,
 				tracked_features,
-				env: { ...env.private, ...env.public },
 				out,
-				output_config: svelte_config.output,
-				remotes,
 				root
 			});
 
@@ -1379,7 +1758,7 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 			// create client build
 			write_client_manifest(
 				kit,
-				manifest_data,
+				build_manifest_data,
 				`${kit.outDir}/generated/client-optimized`,
 				metadata.nodes
 			);
@@ -1399,7 +1778,7 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 					s(has_universal_load);
 			}
 
-			const { output: client_chunks } = /** @type {import('vite').Rolldown.RolldownOutput} */ (
+			const { output: client_chunks } = /** @type {Rolldown.RolldownOutput} */ (
 				await builder.build(builder.environments.client)
 			);
 
@@ -1442,7 +1821,7 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 				}
 			}
 
-			/** @type {import('vite').Manifest} */
+			/** @type {Manifest} */
 			client_manifest = JSON.parse(read(`${out}/client/.vite/manifest.json`));
 
 			/**
@@ -1452,7 +1831,7 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 			const deps_of = (entry, add_dynamic_css = false) =>
 				find_deps(client_manifest, posixify(path.relative(root, entry)), add_dynamic_css, root);
 
-			if (svelte_config.kit.output.bundleStrategy === 'split') {
+			if (kit.output.bundleStrategy === 'split') {
 				const start = deps_of(`${runtime_directory}/client/entry.js`);
 				const app = deps_of(`${kit.outDir}/generated/client-optimized/app.js`);
 
@@ -1470,8 +1849,8 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 				// In case of server-side route resolution, we create a purpose-built route manifest that is
 				// similar to that on the client, with as much information computed upfront so that we
 				// don't need to include any code of the actual routes in the server bundle.
-				if (svelte_config.kit.router.resolution === 'server') {
-					const nodes = manifest_data.nodes.map((node, i) => {
+				if (kit.router.resolution === 'server') {
+					const nodes = build_manifest_data.nodes.map((node, i) => {
 						if (node.component || node.universal) {
 							const entry = `${kit.outDir}/generated/client-optimized/nodes/${i}.js`;
 							const deps = deps_of(entry, true);
@@ -1488,7 +1867,7 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 					build_data.client.css = nodes.map((node) => node?.css);
 
 					build_data.client.routes = compact(
-						manifest_data.routes.map((route) => {
+						build_manifest_data.routes.map((route) => {
 							if (!route.page) return;
 
 							return {
@@ -1517,8 +1896,8 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 					)
 				};
 
-				if (svelte_config.kit.output.bundleStrategy === 'inline') {
-					const style = /** @type {import('vite').Rolldown.OutputAsset} */ (
+				if (kit.output.bundleStrategy === 'inline') {
+					const style = /** @type {Rolldown.OutputAsset} */ (
 						client_chunks.find(
 							(chunk) =>
 								chunk.type === 'asset' && chunk.names.length === 1 && chunk.names[0] === 'style.css'
@@ -1532,6 +1911,9 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 				}
 			}
 
+			// deduplicate remotes because the same hash may be pushed from both the client and server builds
+			remotes = Array.from(new Set(remotes));
+
 			// regenerate manifest now that we have client entry...
 			fs.writeFileSync(
 				manifest_path,
@@ -1539,33 +1921,32 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 					build_data,
 					prerendered: [],
 					relative_path: '.',
-					routes: manifest_data.routes,
+					routes: build_manifest_data.routes,
 					remotes,
 					root
 				})};\n`
 			);
 
 			// regenerate nodes with the client manifest...
-			build_server_nodes(
+			build_server_nodes({
 				out,
-				kit,
-				manifest_data,
+				manifest_data: build_manifest_data,
 				server_manifest,
 				client_manifest,
+				paths: kit.paths,
+				inline_style_threshold: kit.inlineStyleThreshold,
 				assets_path,
 				client_chunks,
-				svelte_config.kit.output,
+				output_config: kit.output,
 				root
-			);
+			});
 
 			// ...and prerender
 			const prerender_results = await prerender({
-				hash: kit.router.type === 'hash',
 				out,
 				manifest_path,
 				metadata,
 				verbose,
-				env: { ...env.private, ...env.public },
 				root
 			});
 			prerendered = prerender_results.prerendered;
@@ -1577,7 +1958,7 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 				metadata,
 				cwd,
 				server_bundle,
-				vite_config.build.sourcemap
+				builder.config.build.sourcemap
 			);
 
 			// generate a new manifest that doesn't include prerendered pages
@@ -1587,7 +1968,7 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 					build_data,
 					prerendered: prerendered.paths,
 					relative_path: '.',
-					routes: manifest_data.routes.filter(
+					routes: build_manifest_data.routes.filter(
 						(route) => prerender_results.prerender_map.get(route.id) !== true
 					),
 					remotes,
@@ -1595,62 +1976,93 @@ function kit({ svelte_config }) {
 				})};\n`
 			);
 
-			if (service_worker_entry_file) {
-				if (kit.paths.assets) {
-					throw new Error('Cannot use service worker alongside config.kit.paths.assets');
-				}
+			// defer the adapt step to run after any buildApp hooks the adapter might have
+			finalise = async () => {
+				// defer creating the service worker too because other plugins might build
+				// the client environment again and overwrite our service worker which
+				// outputs to the same directory
+				if (service_worker_entry_file) {
+					if (kit.paths.assets) {
+						throw new Error('Cannot use service worker alongside config.kit.paths.assets');
+					}
 
-				log.info('Building service worker');
+					log.info('Building service worker');
 
-				builder.environments.serviceWorker.config.define =
-					builder.environments.client.config.define;
-				builder.environments.serviceWorker.config.resolve.alias = [
-					...get_config_aliases(kit, vite_config.root)
-				];
-				builder.environments.serviceWorker.config.experimental.renderBuiltUrl = (filename) => {
-					return {
-						runtime: `new URL(${JSON.stringify(filename)}, location.href).pathname`
+					builder.environments.serviceWorker.config.define =
+						builder.environments.client.config.define;
+					builder.environments.serviceWorker.config.resolve.alias = [
+						...get_config_aliases(kit, builder.config.root)
+					];
+					builder.environments.serviceWorker.config.experimental.renderBuiltUrl = (filename) => {
+						return {
+							runtime: `new URL(${JSON.stringify(filename)}, location.href).pathname`
+						};
 					};
-				};
-
-				await builder.build(builder.environments.serviceWorker);
-			}
 
-			console.log(
-				`\nRun ${styleText(['bold', 'cyan'], 'npm run preview')} to preview your production build locally.`
-			);
-
-			if (kit.adapter) {
-				const { adapt } = await import('../../core/adapt/index.js');
-				await adapt(
-					svelte_config,
-					build_data,
-					metadata,
-					prerendered,
-					prerender_results.prerender_map,
-					log,
-					remotes,
-					vite_config
-				);
-			} else {
-				console.log(styleText(['bold', 'yellow'], '\nNo adapter specified'));
+					await builder.build(builder.environments.serviceWorker);
+				}
 
-				const link = styleText(['bold', 'cyan'], 'https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/adapters');
 				console.log(
-					`See ${link} to learn how to configure your app to run on the platform of your choosing`
+					`\nRun ${styleText(['bold', 'cyan'], 'npm run preview')} to preview your production build locally.`
 				);
+
+				if (adapter) {
+					const { adapt } = await import('../../core/adapt/index.js');
+					await adapt(
+						adapter,
+						svelte_config,
+						build_data,
+						metadata,
+						prerendered,
+						prerender_results.prerender_map,
+						log,
+						remotes,
+						builder.config,
+						out
+					);
+				} else {
+					console.log(styleText(['bold', 'yellow'], '\nNo adapter specified'));
+
+					const link = styleText(['bold', 'cyan'], 'https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/adapters');
+					console.log(
+						`See ${link} to learn how to configure your app to run on the platform of your choosing`
+					);
+				}
+			};
+		}
+	};
+
+	/** @type {Plugin} */
+	const plugin_adapter = {
+		name: 'vite-plugin-sveltekit-adapter',
+		apply: 'build',
+		buildApp: {
+			// this will run after any buildApp hooks provided by other Vite plugins
+			// see https://vite.dev/guide/api-environment-frameworks#environments-during-build
+			order: 'post',
+			async handler() {
+				await finalise();
 			}
+		},
+		// add it here so that we can retrieve from a separate process by resolving the Vite config
+		api: {
+			adapter
 		}
 	};
 
 	return [
 		plugin_setup,
+		adapter?.vite?.plugins ? undefined : plugin_node_environment,
 		plugin_remote,
+		plugin_server_filesystem,
+		plugin_dev_ssr,
 		plugin_virtual_modules,
 		process.env.TEST !== 'true' ? plugin_guard : undefined,
 		plugin_service_worker,
-		plugin_compile
-	].filter((p) => !!p);
+		plugin_compile,
+		plugin_adapter,
+		adapter?.vite?.plugins
+	].filter(Boolean);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1699,20 +2111,46 @@ function find_overridden_config(config, resolved_config, enforced_config, path,
 }
 
 /**
- * @param {import('types').ValidatedConfig} config
+ * @param {ValidatedConfig} config
+ * @returns {string}
  */
-const create_service_worker_module = (config) => dedent`
-	if (typeof self === 'undefined' || self instanceof ServiceWorkerGlobalScope === false) {
-		throw new Error('This module can only be imported inside a service worker');
+function create_service_worker_module(config) {
+	return dedent`
+		if (typeof self === 'undefined' || self instanceof ServiceWorkerGlobalScope === false) {
+			throw new Error('This module can only be imported inside a service worker');
+		}
+
+		export const build = [];
+		export const files = [
+			${create_assets(config)
+				.filter((asset) => config.kit.serviceWorker.files(asset.file))
+				.map((asset) => `${s(`${config.kit.paths.base}/${asset.file}`)}`)
+				.join(',\n')}
+		];
+		export const prerendered = [];
+		export const version = ${s(config.kit.version.name)};
+	`;
+}
+
+/** @type {(error: Error) => void} */
+function display_ssr_error_on_client(err) {
+	const vite = dev_environment?.vite;
+	if (!vite) return;
+
+	const msg = buildErrorMessage(err, [styleText('red', `Internal server error: ${err.message}`)]);
+
+	if (!vite.config.logger.hasErrorLogged(err)) {
+		vite.config.logger.error(msg, { error: err });
 	}
 
-	export const build = [];
-	export const files = [
-		${create_assets(config)
-			.filter((asset) => config.kit.serviceWorker.files(asset.file))
-			.map((asset) => `${s(`${config.kit.paths.base}/${asset.file}`)}`)
-			.join(',\n')}
-	];
-	export const prerendered = [];
-	export const version = ${s(config.kit.version.name)};
-`;
+	vite.ws.send({
+		type: 'error',
+		err: {
+			...err,
+			// these properties are non-enumerable and will
+			// not be serialized unless we explicitly include them
+			message: err.message,
+			stack: err.stack ?? ''
+		}
+	});
+}
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/module_ids.js b/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/module_ids.js
index 69325f3edf41..d0829403b88d 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/module_ids.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/module_ids.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
-import { posixify } from '../../utils/filesystem.js';
+import { posixify } from '../../utils/os.js';
 
 export const env_static_private = '\0virtual:env/static/private';
 export const env_static_public = '\0virtual:env/static/public';
@@ -10,6 +10,11 @@ export const service_worker = '\0virtual:service-worker';
 
 export const sveltekit_environment = '\0virtual:__sveltekit/environment';
 export const sveltekit_server = '\0virtual:__sveltekit/server';
+export const sveltekit_manifest_data = '\0virtual:__sveltekit/manifest-data';
+export const sveltekit_remotes = '\0virtual:__sveltekit/remotes';
+export const sveltekit_traced = '\0virtual:__sveltekit/traced';
+export const sveltekit_ipc = '\0virtual:__sveltekit/ipc';
+export const sveltekit_env = '\0virtual:sveltekit:env';
 
 export const app_server = posixify(
 	fileURLToPath(new URL('../../runtime/app/server/index.js', import.meta.url))
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/options.js b/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/options.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..461c6222bd2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/options.js
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+/** @import { Validator } from '../../core/config/types.js' */
+
+import { object, validate } from '../../core/config/options.js';
+
+/** @type {Validator} */
+const options = object({
+	adapter: validate(null, (input, keypath) => {
+		if (typeof input !== 'object' || !input.adapt) {
+			const message = `${keypath} should be an object with an "adapt" method`;
+			throw new Error(`${message}. See https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/adapters`);
+		}
+
+		return input;
+	})
+});
+
+export default options;
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/preview/index.js b/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/preview/index.js
index 71b017c046b8..76b60181c2e4 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/preview/index.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/preview/index.js
@@ -53,8 +53,6 @@ export async function preview(vite, vite_config, svelte_config) {
 		read: (file) => createReadableStream(`${dir}/${file}`)
 	});
 
-	const emulator = await svelte_config.kit.adapter?.emulate?.();
-
 	return () => {
 		// Remove the base middleware. It screws with the URL.
 		// It also only lets through requests beginning with the base path, so that requests beginning
@@ -214,8 +212,7 @@ export async function preview(vite, vite_config, svelte_config) {
 						}
 
 						return fs.readFileSync(join(svelte_config.kit.files.assets, file));
-					},
-					emulator
+					}
 				})
 			);
 		});
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/types.d.ts b/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/types.d.ts
index 900aa43541ea..1276f53cf8d1 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/types.d.ts
+++ b/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/types.d.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,35 @@
+import 'vite/types/customEvent.d.ts';
+import type { PageOptions } from './static_analysis/index.js';
+
+declare module 'vite/types/customEvent.d.ts' {
+	interface CustomEventMap {
+		'sveltekit:port': number;
+		'sveltekit:remotes': {
+			hash: string;
+			file: string;
+		};
+		'sveltekit:remote': string;
+		'sveltekit:server-assets': {
+			filepath: string;
+			size: number;
+			data: string;
+		};
+		'sveltekit:manifest-data': {
+			nodes_page_options: Array<PageOptions | null | undefined>;
+			endpoints_page_options: Array<PageOptions | null | undefined>;
+		};
+		'sveltekit:ssr-load-module-error': Error;
+		'sveltekit:prerender-assets': string;
+	}
+}
+
+export interface SerialisedResponse {
+	status: number;
+	statusText: string;
+	headers: Record<string, string>;
+	body: ArrayBuffer;
+}
+
 export interface EnforcedConfig {
 	[key: string]: EnforcedConfig | true;
 }
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/utils.js b/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/utils.js
index 46e5b48576f2..e2bbcc878856 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/utils.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/utils.js
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import path from 'node:path';
 import { loadEnv } from 'vite';
-import { posixify } from '../../utils/filesystem.js';
+import { posixify } from '../../utils/os.js';
 import { negotiate } from '../../utils/http.js';
 import { filter_env } from '../../utils/env.js';
-import { escape_html } from '../../utils/escape.js';
+import { escape_for_regexp, escape_html } from '../../utils/escape.js';
 import { dedent } from '../../core/sync/utils.js';
 import {
 	app_server,
@@ -55,13 +55,6 @@ export function get_config_aliases(config, root) {
 	return alias;
 }
 
-/**
- * @param {string} str
- */
-function escape_for_regexp(str) {
-	return str.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, (match) => '\\' + match);
-}
-
 /**
  * Load environment variables from process.env and .env files
  * @param {import('types').ValidatedKitConfig['env']} env_config
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/utils.spec.js b/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/utils.spec.js
index 7878487573fe..8512ecc081ae 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/utils.spec.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/exports/vite/utils.spec.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import path from 'node:path';
 import { expect, test } from 'vitest';
 import { validate_config } from '../../core/config/index.js';
-import { posixify } from '../../utils/filesystem.js';
+import { posixify } from '../../utils/os.js';
 import { dedent } from '../../core/sync/utils.js';
 import { get_config_aliases, error_for_missing_config } from './utils.js';
 
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/runtime/client/utils.js b/packages/kit/src/runtime/client/utils.js
index 43fe32706a12..cc4769fdbe80 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/runtime/client/utils.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/runtime/client/utils.js
@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@ import { version } from '__sveltekit/environment';
 import { noop } from '../../utils/functions.js';
 import { PRELOAD_PRIORITIES } from './constants.js';
 
-/* global __SVELTEKIT_APP_VERSION_FILE__, __SVELTEKIT_APP_VERSION_POLL_INTERVAL__ */
-
 export const origin = BROWSER ? location.origin : '';
 
 /** @param {string | URL} url */
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/ambient.d.ts b/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/ambient.d.ts
index 2f38261123dc..09c2db316f26 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/ambient.d.ts
+++ b/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/ambient.d.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,10 @@
 declare module '__SERVER__/internal.js' {
 	export const options: import('types').SSROptions;
 	export const get_hooks: () => Promise<Partial<import('types').ServerHooks>>;
+	export const set_manifest: (manifest: import('@sveltejs/kit').SSRManifest) => void;
+	export const set_read_implementation: (read: (file: string) => ReadableStream) => void;
+	export const set_private_env: (env: Record<string, string>) => void;
+	export const set_public_env: (env: Record<string, string>) => void;
+	export const set_building: () => void;
+	export const set_prerendering: () => void;
 }
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/fetch.js b/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/fetch.js
index baf93f1b507f..b010dd7589b7 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/fetch.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/fetch.js
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ export function create_fetch({ event, options, manifest, state, get_cookie_heade
 							? manifest.mimeTypes[filename.slice(filename.lastIndexOf('.'))]
 							: 'text/html';
 
-						return new Response(state.read(file), {
+						return new Response(await state.read(file), {
 							headers: type ? { 'content-type': type } : {}
 						});
 					} else if (read_implementation && file in manifest._.server_assets) {
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/index.js b/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/index.js
index bab755e3408f..5778f341930e 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/index.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/index.js
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import { filter_env } from '../../utils/env.js';
 import { format_server_error } from './utils.js';
 import { set_read_implementation, set_manifest } from '__sveltekit/server';
 import { set_app } from './app.js';
+import { create_synchronous_read } from './read.js';
 
 /** @type {Promise<any>} */
 let init_promise;
@@ -65,41 +66,7 @@ export class Server {
 		set_public_env(filter_env(env, env_public_prefix, env_private_prefix));
 
 		if (read) {
-			// Wrap the read function to handle MaybePromise<ReadableStream>
-			// and ensure the public API stays synchronous
-			/** @param {string} file */
-			const wrapped_read = (file) => {
-				const result = read(file);
-				if (result instanceof ReadableStream) {
-					return result;
-				} else {
-					return new ReadableStream({
-						async start(controller) {
-							try {
-								const stream = await Promise.resolve(result);
-								if (!stream) {
-									controller.close();
-									return;
-								}
-
-								const reader = stream.getReader();
-
-								while (true) {
-									const { done, value } = await reader.read();
-									if (done) break;
-									controller.enqueue(value);
-								}
-
-								controller.close();
-							} catch (error) {
-								controller.error(error);
-							}
-						}
-					});
-				}
-			};
-
-			set_read_implementation(wrapped_read);
+			set_read_implementation(create_synchronous_read(read));
 		}
 
 		// During DEV and for some adapters this function might be called in quick succession,
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/page/csp.spec.js b/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/page/csp.spec.js
index 195a995e8f77..df8f0bf458ba 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/page/csp.spec.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/page/csp.spec.js
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ describe.skipIf(process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production')('CSPs in dev', () => {
 		);
 	});
 
+	// TODO: re-enable when we support strict-dynamic in dev again
 	test.skip('removes strict-dynamic', () => {
 		['default-src', 'script-src'].forEach((name) => {
 			const csp = new Csp(
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/page/load_data.js b/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/page/load_data.js
index c958c9cb8999..3c090c4c28a0 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/page/load_data.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/page/load_data.js
@@ -291,7 +291,10 @@ export function create_universal_fetch(event, state, fetched, csr, resolve_opts)
 
 		if (same_origin) {
 			if (state.prerendering) {
-				dependency = { response, body: null };
+				// the prerender code needs to read and serialise the response body
+				// from the environment to the Vite process so we clone the response
+				// to ensure its body remains unused until then
+				dependency = { response: response.clone(), body: null };
 				state.prerendering.dependencies.set(url.pathname, dependency);
 			}
 		} else if (url.protocol === 'https:' || url.protocol === 'http:') {
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/page/render.js b/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/page/render.js
index b0580892e680..a7eddc24a9d3 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/page/render.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/page/render.js
@@ -623,8 +623,11 @@ export async function render_response({
 					}`);
 		}
 
+		// we need to eagerly import the Vite client module in development to ensure
+		// that Vite global constant replacements are initialised before our code runs
 		const init_app = `
 				{
+					${DEV ? `import('${paths.base}/@vite/client')` : ''}
 					${blocks.join('\n\n\t\t\t\t\t')}
 				}
 			`;
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/read.js b/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/read.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..31801e0a80f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/read.js
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/**
+ * Wrap the `read` function to handle `MaybePromise<ReadableStream>`
+ * and ensure the public API stays synchronous
+ * @param {NonNullable<import('@sveltejs/kit').ServerInitOptions['read']>} read
+ * @returns {(path: string) => ReadableStream}
+ */
+export function create_synchronous_read(read) {
+	return (file) => {
+		const result = read(file);
+		if (result instanceof ReadableStream) {
+			return result;
+		} else {
+			return new ReadableStream({
+				async start(controller) {
+					try {
+						const stream = await Promise.resolve(result);
+						if (!stream) {
+							controller.close();
+							return;
+						}
+
+						const reader = stream.getReader();
+
+						while (true) {
+							const { done, value } = await reader.read();
+							if (done) break;
+							controller.enqueue(value);
+						}
+
+						controller.close();
+					} catch (error) {
+						// TODO: we should throw here even if the user doesn't try to read the response body
+						controller.error(error);
+					}
+				}
+			});
+		}
+	};
+}
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/respond.js b/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/respond.js
index 0385a458bec6..799d70d51c69 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/respond.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/respond.js
@@ -40,8 +40,6 @@ import { get_remote_id, handle_remote_call } from './remote.js';
 import { record_span } from '../telemetry/record_span.js';
 import { otel } from '../telemetry/otel.js';
 
-/* global __SVELTEKIT_ADAPTER_NAME__ */
-
 /** @type {import('types').RequiredResolveOptions['transformPageChunk']} */
 const default_transform = ({ html }) => html;
 
@@ -222,13 +220,6 @@ export async function internal_respond(request, options, manifest, state) {
 		set_internal
 	});
 
-	if (state.emulator?.platform) {
-		event.platform = await state.emulator.platform({
-			config: {},
-			prerender: !!state.prerendering?.fallback
-		});
-	}
-
 	let resolved_path = url.pathname;
 
 	if (!remote_id) {
@@ -379,7 +370,7 @@ export async function internal_respond(request, options, manifest, state) {
 				}
 			}
 
-			if (state.before_handle || state.emulator?.platform) {
+			if (state.before_handle) {
 				let config = {};
 
 				/** @type {import('types').PrerenderOption} */
@@ -395,130 +386,136 @@ export async function internal_respond(request, options, manifest, state) {
 				}
 
 				if (state.before_handle) {
-					state.before_handle(event, config, prerender);
-				}
-
-				if (state.emulator?.platform) {
-					event.platform = await state.emulator.platform({ config, prerender });
+					return await state.before_handle(event, config, prerender, handle);
 				}
 			}
 		}
 
-		set_trailing_slash(trailing_slash);
-
-		if (state.prerendering && !state.prerendering.fallback && !state.prerendering.inside_reroute) {
-			disable_search(url);
-		}
+		async function handle() {
+			set_trailing_slash(trailing_slash);
 
-		const response = await record_span({
-			name: 'sveltekit.handle.root',
-			attributes: {
-				'http.route': event.route.id || 'unknown',
-				'http.method': event.request.method,
-				'http.url': event.url.href,
-				'sveltekit.is_data_request': is_data_request,
-				'sveltekit.is_sub_request': event.isSubRequest
-			},
-			fn: async (root_span) => {
-				const traced_event = {
-					...event,
-					tracing: {
-						enabled: __SVELTEKIT_SERVER_TRACING_ENABLED__,
-						root: root_span,
-						current: root_span
-					}
-				};
-
-				return await with_request_store({ event: traced_event, state: event_state }, () =>
-					options.hooks.handle({
-						event: traced_event,
-						resolve: (event, opts) => {
-							return record_span({
-								name: 'sveltekit.resolve',
-								attributes: {
-									'http.route': event.route.id || 'unknown'
-								},
-								fn: (resolve_span) => {
-									// counter-intuitively, we need to clear the event, so that it's not
-									// e.g. accessible when loading modules needed to handle the request
-									return with_request_store(null, () =>
-										resolve(merge_tracing(event, resolve_span), page_nodes, opts).then(
-											(response) => {
-												// add headers/cookies here, rather than inside `resolve`, so that we
-												// can do it once for all responses instead of once per `return`
-												for (const key in headers) {
-													const value = headers[key];
-													response.headers.set(key, /** @type {string} */ (value));
-												}
-
-												add_cookies_to_headers(response.headers, new_cookies.values());
+			if (
+				state.prerendering &&
+				!state.prerendering.fallback &&
+				!state.prerendering.inside_reroute
+			) {
+				disable_search(url);
+			}
 
-												if (state.prerendering && event.route.id !== null) {
-													response.headers.set('x-sveltekit-routeid', encodeURI(event.route.id));
+			const response = await record_span({
+				name: 'sveltekit.handle.root',
+				attributes: {
+					'http.route': event.route.id || 'unknown',
+					'http.method': event.request.method,
+					'http.url': event.url.href,
+					'sveltekit.is_data_request': is_data_request,
+					'sveltekit.is_sub_request': event.isSubRequest
+				},
+				fn: async (root_span) => {
+					const traced_event = {
+						...event,
+						tracing: {
+							enabled: __SVELTEKIT_SERVER_TRACING_ENABLED__,
+							root: root_span,
+							current: root_span
+						}
+					};
+
+					return await with_request_store({ event: traced_event, state: event_state }, () =>
+						options.hooks.handle({
+							event: traced_event,
+							resolve: (event, opts) => {
+								return record_span({
+									name: 'sveltekit.resolve',
+									attributes: {
+										'http.route': event.route.id || 'unknown'
+									},
+									fn: (resolve_span) => {
+										// counter-intuitively, we need to clear the event, so that it's not
+										// e.g. accessible when loading modules needed to handle the request
+										return with_request_store(null, () =>
+											resolve(merge_tracing(event, resolve_span), page_nodes, opts).then(
+												(response) => {
+													// add headers/cookies here, rather than inside `resolve`, so that we
+													// can do it once for all responses instead of once per `return`
+													for (const key in headers) {
+														const value = headers[key];
+														response.headers.set(key, /** @type {string} */ (value));
+													}
+
+													add_cookies_to_headers(response.headers, new_cookies.values());
+
+													if (state.prerendering && event.route.id !== null) {
+														response.headers.set('x-sveltekit-routeid', encodeURI(event.route.id));
+													}
+
+													resolve_span.setAttributes({
+														'http.response.status_code': response.status,
+														'http.response.body.size':
+															response.headers.get('content-length') || 'unknown'
+													});
+
+													return response;
 												}
+											)
+										);
+									}
+								});
+							}
+						})
+					);
+				}
+			});
 
-												resolve_span.setAttributes({
-													'http.response.status_code': response.status,
-													'http.response.body.size':
-														response.headers.get('content-length') || 'unknown'
-												});
+			// respond with 304 if etag matches
+			if (response.status === 200 && response.headers.has('etag')) {
+				let if_none_match_value = request.headers.get('if-none-match');
 
-												return response;
-											}
-										)
-									);
-								}
-							});
-						}
-					})
-				);
-			}
-		});
+				// ignore W/ prefix https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/If-None-Match#directives
+				if (if_none_match_value?.startsWith('W/"')) {
+					if_none_match_value = if_none_match_value.substring(2);
+				}
 
-		// respond with 304 if etag matches
-		if (response.status === 200 && response.headers.has('etag')) {
-			let if_none_match_value = request.headers.get('if-none-match');
+				const etag = /** @type {string} */ (response.headers.get('etag'));
+
+				if (if_none_match_value === etag) {
+					const headers = new Headers({ etag });
+
+					// https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7232#section-4.1 + set-cookie
+					for (const key of [
+						'cache-control',
+						'content-location',
+						'date',
+						'expires',
+						'vary',
+						'set-cookie'
+					]) {
+						const value = response.headers.get(key);
+						if (value) headers.set(key, value);
+					}
 
-			// ignore W/ prefix https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/If-None-Match#directives
-			if (if_none_match_value?.startsWith('W/"')) {
-				if_none_match_value = if_none_match_value.substring(2);
+					return new Response(undefined, {
+						status: 304,
+						headers
+					});
+				}
 			}
 
-			const etag = /** @type {string} */ (response.headers.get('etag'));
-
-			if (if_none_match_value === etag) {
-				const headers = new Headers({ etag });
-
-				// https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7232#section-4.1 + set-cookie
-				for (const key of [
-					'cache-control',
-					'content-location',
-					'date',
-					'expires',
-					'vary',
-					'set-cookie'
-				]) {
-					const value = response.headers.get(key);
-					if (value) headers.set(key, value);
+			// Edge case: If user does `return Response(30x)` in handle hook while processing a data request,
+			// we need to transform the redirect response to a corresponding JSON response.
+			if (is_data_request && response.status >= 300 && response.status <= 308) {
+				const location = response.headers.get('location');
+				if (location) {
+					return redirect_json_response(
+						new Redirect(/** @type {any} */ (response.status), location)
+					);
 				}
-
-				return new Response(undefined, {
-					status: 304,
-					headers
-				});
 			}
-		}
 
-		// Edge case: If user does `return Response(30x)` in handle hook while processing a data request,
-		// we need to transform the redirect response to a corresponding JSON response.
-		if (is_data_request && response.status >= 300 && response.status <= 308) {
-			const location = response.headers.get('location');
-			if (location) {
-				return redirect_json_response(new Redirect(/** @type {any} */ (response.status), location));
-			}
+			return response;
 		}
 
-		return response;
+		return await handle();
 	} catch (e) {
 		if (e instanceof Redirect) {
 			try {
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/utils.js b/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/utils.js
index 7f7e8822df01..526a2e15f939 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/utils.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/runtime/server/utils.js
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ import { HttpError } from '@sveltejs/kit/internal';
 import { with_request_store } from '@sveltejs/kit/internal/server';
 import { coalesce_to_error, get_message, get_status } from '../../utils/error.js';
 import { negotiate } from '../../utils/http.js';
-import { fix_stack_trace } from '../shared-server.js';
 import { ENDPOINT_METHODS } from '../../constants.js';
 import { escape_html } from '../../utils/escape.js';
+import * as path from '../../utils/path.js';
 
 /**
  * @param {Partial<Record<import('types').HttpMethod, any>>} mod
@@ -103,10 +103,6 @@ export async function handle_error_and_jsonify(event, state, options, error) {
 		return { message: 'Unknown Error', ...error.body };
 	}
 
-	if (DEV && typeof error == 'object') {
-		fix_stack_trace(error);
-	}
-
 	const status = get_status(error);
 	const message = get_message(error);
 
@@ -210,9 +206,8 @@ let relative = (file) => file;
 
 if (DEV) {
 	try {
-		const path = await import('node:path');
-
-		relative = (file) => path.relative('.', file);
+		const root = typeof __SVELTEKIT_ROOT__ === 'string' ? __SVELTEKIT_ROOT__ : '';
+		relative = (file) => path.relative(root, file);
 	} catch {
 		// do nothing
 	}
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/runtime/shared-server.js b/packages/kit/src/runtime/shared-server.js
index 5a535448449f..4f89379a54f0 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/runtime/shared-server.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/runtime/shared-server.js
@@ -10,9 +10,6 @@ export let private_env = {};
  */
 export let public_env = {};
 
-/** @param {any} error */
-export let fix_stack_trace = (error) => error?.stack;
-
 /** @type {(environment: Record<string, string>) => void} */
 export function set_private_env(environment) {
 	private_env = environment;
@@ -22,8 +19,3 @@ export function set_private_env(environment) {
 export function set_public_env(environment) {
 	public_env = environment;
 }
-
-/** @param {(error: Error) => string} value */
-export function set_fix_stack_trace(value) {
-	fix_stack_trace = value;
-}
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/runtime/utils.js b/packages/kit/src/runtime/utils.js
index f19967160a9b..8205ed35b7af 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/runtime/utils.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/runtime/utils.js
@@ -1,4 +1,17 @@
 import { BROWSER } from 'esm-env';
+import { posixify } from '../utils/os.js';
+
+/**
+ * Resolved path of the `runtime` directory
+ *
+ * TODO Windows issue:
+ * Vite or sth else somehow sets the driver letter inconsistently to lower or upper case depending on the run environment.
+ * In playwright debug mode run through VS Code this a root-to-lowercase conversion is needed in order for the tests to run.
+ * If we do this conversion in other cases it has the opposite effect though and fails.
+ */
+// import.meta.dirname doesn't exist on the client so we need to avoid running
+// posixify to avoid a runtime error when it's undefined
+export const runtime_directory = import.meta.dirname ? posixify(import.meta.dirname) : '';
 
 export const text_encoder = new TextEncoder();
 
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/types/ambient-private.d.ts b/packages/kit/src/types/ambient-private.d.ts
index c98af8cb0062..753248b1d785 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/types/ambient-private.d.ts
+++ b/packages/kit/src/types/ambient-private.d.ts
@@ -27,3 +27,27 @@ declare module '__sveltekit/server' {
 	export function set_manifest(manifest: SSRManifest): void;
 	export function set_read_implementation(fn: (path: string) => ReadableStream): void;
 }
+
+/** Used to construct the SSR manifest in development from a Node-agnostic environment */
+declare module '__sveltekit/manifest-data' {
+	import { ManifestData } from 'types';
+
+	export const env: Record<string, string>;
+	export const mime_types: Record<string, string>;
+	export const manifest_data: ManifestData;
+}
+
+/** Used to read the filesystem during development from an environment without `node:fs` */
+declare module '__sveltekit/server-assets' {
+	export const server_assets: Record<string, number>;
+	export const server_assets_content: Record<string, Buffer<ArrayBuffer>>;
+}
+
+/** Used to identify remote functions processed by Vite from any environment */
+declare module '__sveltekit/remotes' {
+	export const remotes: Array<{ hash: string; file: string }>;
+}
+
+declare module '__sveltekit/ipc' {
+	export function get(pathname: string): Promise<Response>;
+}
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/types/ambient.d.ts b/packages/kit/src/types/ambient.d.ts
index b08a2f963160..896c91c4b4af 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/types/ambient.d.ts
+++ b/packages/kit/src/types/ambient.d.ts
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ declare namespace App {
 	/**
 	 * The interface that defines `event.locals`, which can be accessed in server [hooks](https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/hooks) (`handle`, and `handleError`), server-only `load` functions, and `+server.js` files.
 	 */
+	// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-empty-object-type
 	export interface Locals {}
 
 	/**
@@ -38,16 +39,19 @@ declare namespace App {
 	 * The `Load` and `ServerLoad` functions in `./$types` will be narrowed accordingly.
 	 * Use optional properties for data that is only present on specific pages. Do not add an index signature (`[key: string]: any`).
 	 */
+	// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-empty-object-type
 	export interface PageData {}
 
 	/**
 	 * The shape of the `page.state` object, which can be manipulated using the [`pushState`](https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/$app-navigation#pushState) and [`replaceState`](https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/$app-navigation#replaceState) functions from `$app/navigation`.
 	 */
+	// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-empty-object-type
 	export interface PageState {}
 
 	/**
 	 * If your adapter provides [platform-specific context](https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/adapters#Platform-specific-context) via `event.platform`, you can specify it here.
 	 */
+	// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-empty-object-type
 	export interface Platform {}
 }
 
@@ -146,3 +150,56 @@ declare module '$app/types' {
 	 */
 	export type Asset = ReturnType<AppTypes['Asset']>;
 }
+
+/**
+ * Exports the `Server` class for creating custom server entry points.
+ * @example
+ * ```js
+ * import { env } from 'sveltekit:env';
+ * import { Server } from 'sveltekit:server';
+ * import { manifest } from 'sveltekit:server-manifest';
+ *
+ * const server = new Server(manifest);
+ *
+ * await server.init({ env });
+ * ```
+ */
+declare module 'sveltekit:server' {
+	export { Server } from '@sveltejs/kit';
+}
+
+/**
+ * Exports the SSR manifest used to initialise the server.
+ * @example
+ * ```js
+ * import { env } from 'sveltekit:env';
+ * import { Server } from 'sveltekit:server';
+ * import { manifest } from 'sveltekit:server-manifest';
+ *
+ * const server = new Server(manifest);
+ *
+ * await server.init({ env });
+ * ```
+ */
+declare module 'sveltekit:server-manifest' {
+	import { SSRManifest } from '@sveltejs/kit';
+
+	export const manifest: SSRManifest;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Exports the environment variables loaded by Vite. Used when initialising the server.
+ * @example
+ * ```js
+ * import { env } from 'sveltekit:env';
+ * import { Server } from 'sveltekit:server';
+ * import { manifest } from 'sveltekit:server-manifest';
+ *
+ * const server = new Server(manifest);
+ *
+ * await server.init({ env });
+ * ```
+ */
+declare module 'sveltekit:env' {
+	export const env: Record<string, string>;
+}
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/types/global-private.d.ts b/packages/kit/src/types/global-private.d.ts
index 4b442f89944c..3458e62ab20f 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/types/global-private.d.ts
+++ b/packages/kit/src/types/global-private.d.ts
@@ -42,6 +42,10 @@ declare global {
 		/** Resolve a placeholder promise */
 		resolve?: (data: { id: number; data: any; error: any }) => void;
 	};
+	/** Allows us to resolve paths relative to the Vite root setting during development */
+	const __SVELTEKIT_ROOT__: string;
+	const __SVELTEKIT_OUT_DIR__: string;
+	const __SVELTEKIT_FILES_ASSETS__: string;
 	/**
 	 * This makes the use of specific features visible at both dev and build time, in such a
 	 * way that we can error when they are not supported by the target platform.
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/types/internal.d.ts b/packages/kit/src/types/internal.d.ts
index cc816298d1cc..0e48c59bed27 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/types/internal.d.ts
+++ b/packages/kit/src/types/internal.d.ts
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ import {
 	Reroute,
 	RequestEvent,
 	SSRManifest,
-	Emulator,
 	Adapter,
 	ServerInit,
 	ClientInit,
@@ -35,6 +34,7 @@ import {
 } from './private.js';
 import { Span } from '@opentelemetry/api';
 import type { PageOptions } from '../exports/vite/static_analysis/index.js';
+import type { ViteDevServer } from 'vite';
 
 export interface ServerModule {
 	Server: typeof InternalServer;
@@ -49,7 +49,6 @@ export interface ServerInternalModule {
 	set_public_env(environment: Record<string, string>): void;
 	set_read_implementation(implementation: (path: string) => ReadableStream): void;
 	set_version(version: string): void;
-	set_fix_stack_trace(fix_stack_trace: (error: unknown) => string): void;
 	get_hooks: () => Promise<Record<string, any>>;
 }
 
@@ -69,8 +68,11 @@ export interface AssetDependencies {
 }
 
 export interface BuildData {
+	/** The _app directory configured. */
 	app_dir: string;
+	/** Path to the _app directory, including any base path. */
 	app_path: string;
+	base: string;
 	manifest_data: ManifestData;
 	out_dir: string;
 	service_worker: string | null;
@@ -179,14 +181,22 @@ export class InternalServer extends Server {
 		request: Request,
 		options: RequestOptions & {
 			prerendering?: PrerenderOptions;
-			read: (file: string) => NonSharedBuffer;
-			/** A hook called before `handle` during dev, so that `AsyncLocalStorage` can be populated. */
-			before_handle?: (event: RequestEvent, config: any, prerender: PrerenderOption) => void;
-			emulator?: Emulator;
+			/** @internal for saving dependencies during prerendering and generating fallback pages */
+			read: (file: string) => MaybePromise<Buffer<ArrayBuffer>>;
+			/** @internal used during development to check feature availability depending on the current route */
+			before_handle?: (
+				event: RequestEvent,
+				config: any,
+				prerender: PrerenderOption,
+				handle: () => Promise<Response>
+			) => Promise<Response>;
 		}
 	): Promise<Response>;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Used to construct the SSR manifest
+ */
 export interface ManifestData {
 	/** Static files from `kit.config.files.assets`. */
 	assets: Asset[];
@@ -410,6 +420,7 @@ export interface ServerMetadata {
 	routes: Map<string, ServerMetadataRoute>;
 	/** For each hashed remote file, a map of export name -> { type, dynamic }, where `dynamic` is `false` for non-dynamic prerender functions */
 	remotes: Map<string, Map<string, { type: RemoteInternals['type']; dynamic: boolean }>>;
+	remotes_with_prerender: Set<string>;
 }
 
 export interface SSRComponent {
@@ -564,13 +575,20 @@ export interface SSRState {
 	 * prerender option is inherited by the endpoint, unless overridden.
 	 */
 	prerender_default?: PrerenderOption;
-	read?: (file: string) => NonSharedBuffer;
+	/**
+	 * @internal reads from the filesystem when user code tries to fetch a static asset
+	 */
+	read?: (file: string) => MaybePromise<Buffer<ArrayBuffer>>;
 	/**
 	 * Used to set up `__SVELTEKIT_TRACK__` which checks if a used feature is supported.
 	 * E.g. if `read` from `$app/server` is used, it checks whether the route's config is compatible.
 	 */
-	before_handle?: (event: RequestEvent, config: any, prerender: PrerenderOption) => void;
-	emulator?: Emulator;
+	before_handle?: (
+		event: RequestEvent,
+		config: any,
+		prerender: PrerenderOption,
+		handle: () => Promise<Response>
+	) => Promise<Response>;
 }
 
 export type StrictBody = string | ArrayBufferView;
@@ -589,9 +607,8 @@ export type ValidatedConfig = Config & {
 	extensions: string[];
 };
 
-export type ValidatedKitConfig = Omit<RecursiveRequired<KitConfig>, 'adapter'> & {
-	adapter?: Adapter;
-};
+// TODO: remove the omit in 4.0
+export type ValidatedKitConfig = Omit<RecursiveRequired<KitConfig>, 'adapter'>;
 
 export type BinaryFormMeta = {
 	remote_refreshes?: string[];
@@ -714,5 +731,11 @@ export interface RequestStore {
 	state: RequestState;
 }
 
+export interface DevEnvironment {
+	vite: ViteDevServer;
+	/** used to construct the SSR manifest */
+	manifest_data: ManifestData;
+}
+
 export * from '../exports/index.js';
 export * from './private.js';
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/utils/escape.js b/packages/kit/src/utils/escape.js
index 3feaafae6fc8..bf3b660b21a6 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/utils/escape.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/utils/escape.js
@@ -81,3 +81,11 @@ export function escape_for_interpolation(str, replacements) {
 	}
 	return escaped;
 }
+
+// TODO: replace this with RegExp.escape when we make Node 24 the minimum
+/**
+ * @param {string} str
+ */
+export function escape_for_regexp(str) {
+	return str.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, (match) => '\\' + match);
+}
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/utils/features.js b/packages/kit/src/utils/features.js
index 4a8530d22bbb..3662a3e05dc9 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/utils/features.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/utils/features.js
@@ -1,24 +1,22 @@
+import { get } from '__sveltekit/ipc';
+
 /**
  * @param {string} route_id
- * @param {any} config
+ * @param {unknown} config
  * @param {string} feature
- * @param {import('@sveltejs/kit').Adapter | undefined} adapter
  */
-export function check_feature(route_id, config, feature, adapter) {
-	if (!adapter) return;
-
-	switch (feature) {
-		case '$app/server:read': {
-			const supported = adapter.supports?.read?.({
-				route: { id: route_id },
-				config
-			});
+export async function check_feature(route_id, config, feature) {
+	const response = await get(
+		`/check-feature?${new URLSearchParams({ route_id, config: JSON.stringify(config), feature })}`
+	);
+	if (!response.ok) {
+		throw new Error(
+			`Failed to check feature ${feature} for route ${route_id}: ${response.status} ${response.statusText}. This should never happen`
+		);
+	}
 
-			if (!supported) {
-				throw new Error(
-					`Cannot use \`read\` from \`$app/server\` in ${route_id} when using ${adapter.name}. Please ensure that your adapter is up to date and supports this feature.`
-				);
-			}
-		}
+	const error_message = await response.text();
+	if (error_message) {
+		throw new Error(error_message);
 	}
 }
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/utils/filesystem.js b/packages/kit/src/utils/filesystem.js
index 07c04ba32f7b..1173086bd112 100644
--- a/packages/kit/src/utils/filesystem.js
+++ b/packages/kit/src/utils/filesystem.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import fs from 'node:fs';
 import path from 'node:path';
+import { posixify } from './os.js';
 
 /** @param {string} dir */
 export function mkdirp(dir) {
@@ -110,11 +111,6 @@ export function walk(cwd, dirs = false) {
 	return (walk_dir(''), all_files);
 }
 
-/** @param {string} str */
-export function posixify(str) {
-	return str.replace(/\\/g, '/');
-}
-
 /**
  * Like `path.join`, but posixified and with a leading `./` if necessary
  * @param {string[]} str
@@ -138,31 +134,6 @@ export function relative_path(from, to) {
 	return join_relative(path.relative(from, to));
 }
 
-/**
- * Prepend given path with `/@fs` prefix
- * @param {string} str
- */
-export function to_fs(str) {
-	str = posixify(str);
-	return `/@fs${
-		// Windows/Linux separation - Windows starts with a drive letter, we need a / in front there
-		str.startsWith('/') ? '' : '/'
-	}${str}`;
-}
-
-/**
- * Removes `/@fs` prefix from given path and posixifies it
- * @param {string} str
- */
-export function from_fs(str) {
-	str = posixify(str);
-	if (!str.startsWith('/@fs')) return str;
-
-	str = str.slice(4);
-	// Windows/Linux separation - Windows starts with a drive letter, we need to strip the additional / here
-	return str[2] === ':' && /[A-Z]/.test(str[1]) ? str.slice(1) : str;
-}
-
 /**
  * Given an entry point like [cwd]/src/hooks, returns a filename like [cwd]/src/hooks.js or [cwd]/src/hooks/index.js
  * @param {string} entry
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/utils/os.js b/packages/kit/src/utils/os.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1101d56fa605
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/kit/src/utils/os.js
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+// this file needs to remain node-agnostic because it could be imported into an
+// environment without access to `node:*`
+
+/** @param {string} str */
+export function posixify(str) {
+	return str.replace(/\\/g, '/');
+}
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/utils/path.js b/packages/kit/src/utils/path.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2ffca61e7f23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/kit/src/utils/path.js
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// This file contains Node-agnostic path utilities so that it can be used in
+// environments that do not have access to `node:path` (e.g. Cloudflare Workers).
+import { posixify } from './os.js';
+
+/**
+ * @param {string} from
+ * @param {string} to
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function relative(from, to) {
+	const from_parts = from.split('/').filter(Boolean);
+	const to_parts = to.split('/').filter(Boolean);
+	let i = 0;
+	while (i < from_parts.length && i < to_parts.length && from_parts[i] === to_parts[i]) i++;
+	return [...Array(from_parts.length - i).fill('..'), ...to_parts.slice(i)].join('/') || '.';
+}
+
+/**
+ * @param  {...string} parts
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function join(...parts) {
+	return parts.map(posixify).join('/');
+}
diff --git a/packages/kit/src/utils/path.spec.js b/packages/kit/src/utils/path.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..cfadb5a62247
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/kit/src/utils/path.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+import { assert, describe } from 'vitest';
+import { relative } from './path.js';
+
+describe('relative', (test) => {
+	test('same path returns .', () => {
+		assert.equal(relative('/a/b/c', '/a/b/c'), '.');
+	});
+
+	test('sibling path', () => {
+		assert.equal(relative('/a/b', '/a/c'), '../c');
+	});
+
+	test('child path', () => {
+		assert.equal(relative('/a', '/a/b/c'), 'b/c');
+	});
+
+	test('parent path', () => {
+		assert.equal(relative('/a/b/c', '/a'), '../..');
+	});
+
+	test('unrelated paths', () => {
+		assert.equal(relative('/a/b', '/c/d'), '../../c/d');
+	});
+
+	test('root to child', () => {
+		assert.equal(relative('/', '/a/b'), 'a/b');
+	});
+
+	test('child to root', () => {
+		assert.equal(relative('/a/b', '/'), '../..');
+	});
+});
diff --git a/packages/kit/test/apps/basics/svelte.config.js b/packages/kit/test/apps/basics/svelte.config.js
index c6fea0f8b05f..7e201e39ed83 100644
--- a/packages/kit/test/apps/basics/svelte.config.js
+++ b/packages/kit/test/apps/basics/svelte.config.js
@@ -3,30 +3,6 @@ import process from 'node:process';
 /** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */
 const config = {
 	kit: {
-		adapter: {
-			name: 'test-adapter',
-			adapt(builder) {
-				builder.instrument({
-					entrypoint: `${builder.getServerDirectory()}/index.js`,
-					instrumentation: `${builder.getServerDirectory()}/instrumentation.server.js`,
-					module: {
-						exports: ['Server']
-					}
-				});
-			},
-			emulate() {
-				return {
-					platform({ config, prerender }) {
-						return { config, prerender };
-					}
-				};
-			},
-			supports: {
-				read: () => true,
-				instrumentation: () => true
-			}
-		},
-
 		experimental: {
 			remoteFunctions: true,
 			tracing: {
diff --git a/packages/kit/test/apps/basics/test/test.js b/packages/kit/test/apps/basics/test/test.js
index 768a69f8039d..7f26e92f44cb 100644
--- a/packages/kit/test/apps/basics/test/test.js
+++ b/packages/kit/test/apps/basics/test/test.js
@@ -8,32 +8,6 @@ test.skip(() => process.env.KIT_E2E_BROWSER === 'webkit');
 
 test.describe.configure({ mode: 'parallel' });
 
-test.describe('adapter', () => {
-	test('populates event.platform for dynamic SSR', async ({ page }) => {
-		await page.goto('/adapter/dynamic');
-		const json = JSON.parse((await page.textContent('pre')) ?? '');
-
-		expect(json).toEqual({
-			config: {
-				message: 'hello from dynamic page'
-			},
-			prerender: false
-		});
-	});
-
-	test('populates event.platform for prerendered page', async ({ page }) => {
-		await page.goto('/adapter/prerendered');
-		const json = JSON.parse((await page.textContent('pre')) ?? '');
-
-		expect(json).toEqual({
-			config: {
-				message: 'hello from prerendered page'
-			},
-			prerender: true
-		});
-	});
-});
-
 test.describe('Imports', () => {
 	// https://github.com/sveltejs/kit/issues/461
 	test('handles static asset imports', async ({ baseURL, page }) => {
diff --git a/packages/kit/test/apps/basics/vite.config.js b/packages/kit/test/apps/basics/vite.config.js
index 415957fac6da..d61ad0f73f94 100644
--- a/packages/kit/test/apps/basics/vite.config.js
+++ b/packages/kit/test/apps/basics/vite.config.js
@@ -13,7 +13,26 @@ export default defineConfig({
 		// the reload confuses Playwright
 		include: ['cookie']
 	},
-	plugins: [sveltekit()],
+	plugins: [
+		sveltekit({
+			adapter: {
+				name: 'test-adapter',
+				adapt(builder) {
+					builder.instrument({
+						entrypoint: `${builder.getServerDirectory()}/index.js`,
+						instrumentation: `${builder.getServerDirectory()}/instrumentation.server.js`,
+						module: {
+							exports: ['Server']
+						}
+					});
+				},
+				supports: {
+					read: () => true,
+					instrumentation: () => true
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	],
 	server: {
 		fs: {
 			allow: [path.resolve('../../../src')]
diff --git a/packages/kit/test/apps/dev-only/test/test.js b/packages/kit/test/apps/dev-only/test/test.js
index 6e2a96dd8782..aeaeacea11f5 100644
--- a/packages/kit/test/apps/dev-only/test/test.js
+++ b/packages/kit/test/apps/dev-only/test/test.js
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ test.describe('Vite', () => {
 		expect(manifest).toHaveProperty('optimized.e2e-test-dep-page-universal');
 	});
 
-	test('skips optimizing +page.server.js dependencies', async ({ page }) => {
+	test('optimizes +page.server.js dependencies', async ({ page }) => {
 		await page.goto('/');
 		await page.getByText('hello world!').waitFor();
 
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ test.describe('Vite', () => {
 		);
 		const manifest = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(manifest_path, 'utf-8'));
 
-		expect(manifest).not.toHaveProperty('optimized.e2e-test-dep-page-server');
+		expect(manifest).toHaveProperty('optimized.e2e-test-dep-page-server');
 	});
 
 	test('optimizes +layout.svelte dependencies', async ({ page }) => {
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ test.describe('Vite', () => {
 		expect(manifest).toHaveProperty('optimized.e2e-test-dep-layout-universal');
 	});
 
-	test('skips optimizing +layout.server.js dependencies', async ({ page }) => {
+	test('optimizes +layout.server.js dependencies', async ({ page }) => {
 		await page.goto('/');
 		await page.getByText('hello world!').waitFor();
 
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ test.describe('Vite', () => {
 		);
 		const manifest = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(manifest_path, 'utf-8'));
 
-		expect(manifest).not.toHaveProperty('optimized.e2e-test-dep-layout-server');
+		expect(manifest).toHaveProperty('optimized.e2e-test-dep-layout-server');
 	});
 
 	test('optimizes +error.svelte dependencies', async ({ page }) => {
diff --git a/packages/kit/test/build-errors/apps/prerender-entry-generator-mismatch/svelte.config.js b/packages/kit/test/build-errors/apps/prerender-entry-generator-mismatch/svelte.config.js
index 6e60dbbbdd9c..821c14379ec8 100644
--- a/packages/kit/test/build-errors/apps/prerender-entry-generator-mismatch/svelte.config.js
+++ b/packages/kit/test/build-errors/apps/prerender-entry-generator-mismatch/svelte.config.js
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
-import adapter from '../../../../../adapter-auto/index.js';
-
 /** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */
 const config = {
-	kit: {
-		adapter: adapter()
-	}
+	kit: {}
 };
 
 export default config;
diff --git a/packages/kit/test/build-errors/apps/prerender-entry-generator-mismatch/vite.config.js b/packages/kit/test/build-errors/apps/prerender-entry-generator-mismatch/vite.config.js
index 3f12d3677ea6..0a6fb79b39ef 100644
--- a/packages/kit/test/build-errors/apps/prerender-entry-generator-mismatch/vite.config.js
+++ b/packages/kit/test/build-errors/apps/prerender-entry-generator-mismatch/vite.config.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import * as path from 'node:path';
 import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
+import adapter from '../../../../../adapter-auto/index.js';
 
 /** @type {import('vite').UserConfig} */
 const config = {
@@ -11,7 +12,11 @@ const config = {
 
 	logLevel: 'silent',
 
-	plugins: [sveltekit()],
+	plugins: [
+		sveltekit({
+			adapter: adapter()
+		})
+	],
 
 	server: {
 		fs: {
diff --git a/packages/kit/test/build-errors/apps/prerender-remote-function-error/svelte.config.js b/packages/kit/test/build-errors/apps/prerender-remote-function-error/svelte.config.js
index f9e8b0b2b482..d50ca84160f4 100644
--- a/packages/kit/test/build-errors/apps/prerender-remote-function-error/svelte.config.js
+++ b/packages/kit/test/build-errors/apps/prerender-remote-function-error/svelte.config.js
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
-import adapter from '../../../../../adapter-auto/index.js';
-
 /** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */
 const config = {
 	kit: {
-		adapter: adapter(),
-
 		experimental: {
 			remoteFunctions: true
 		}
diff --git a/packages/kit/test/build-errors/apps/prerender-remote-function-error/vite.config.js b/packages/kit/test/build-errors/apps/prerender-remote-function-error/vite.config.js
index 3f12d3677ea6..0a6fb79b39ef 100644
--- a/packages/kit/test/build-errors/apps/prerender-remote-function-error/vite.config.js
+++ b/packages/kit/test/build-errors/apps/prerender-remote-function-error/vite.config.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import * as path from 'node:path';
 import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
+import adapter from '../../../../../adapter-auto/index.js';
 
 /** @type {import('vite').UserConfig} */
 const config = {
@@ -11,7 +12,11 @@ const config = {
 
 	logLevel: 'silent',
 
-	plugins: [sveltekit()],
+	plugins: [
+		sveltekit({
+			adapter: adapter()
+		})
+	],
 
 	server: {
 		fs: {
diff --git a/packages/kit/test/build-errors/apps/prerenderable-incorrect-fragment/svelte.config.js b/packages/kit/test/build-errors/apps/prerenderable-incorrect-fragment/svelte.config.js
index 6e60dbbbdd9c..821c14379ec8 100644
--- a/packages/kit/test/build-errors/apps/prerenderable-incorrect-fragment/svelte.config.js
+++ b/packages/kit/test/build-errors/apps/prerenderable-incorrect-fragment/svelte.config.js
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
-import adapter from '../../../../../adapter-auto/index.js';
-
 /** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */
 const config = {
-	kit: {
-		adapter: adapter()
-	}
+	kit: {}
 };
 
 export default config;
diff --git a/packages/kit/test/build-errors/apps/prerenderable-incorrect-fragment/vite.config.js b/packages/kit/test/build-errors/apps/prerenderable-incorrect-fragment/vite.config.js
index 3f12d3677ea6..0a6fb79b39ef 100644
--- a/packages/kit/test/build-errors/apps/prerenderable-incorrect-fragment/vite.config.js
+++ b/packages/kit/test/build-errors/apps/prerenderable-incorrect-fragment/vite.config.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import * as path from 'node:path';
 import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
+import adapter from '../../../../../adapter-auto/index.js';
 
 /** @type {import('vite').UserConfig} */
 const config = {
@@ -11,7 +12,11 @@ const config = {
 
 	logLevel: 'silent',
 
-	plugins: [sveltekit()],
+	plugins: [
+		sveltekit({
+			adapter: adapter()
+		})
+	],
 
 	server: {
 		fs: {
diff --git a/packages/kit/test/build-errors/apps/prerenderable-not-prerendered/svelte.config.js b/packages/kit/test/build-errors/apps/prerenderable-not-prerendered/svelte.config.js
index 6e60dbbbdd9c..821c14379ec8 100644
--- a/packages/kit/test/build-errors/apps/prerenderable-not-prerendered/svelte.config.js
+++ b/packages/kit/test/build-errors/apps/prerenderable-not-prerendered/svelte.config.js
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
-import adapter from '../../../../../adapter-auto/index.js';
-
 /** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */
 const config = {
-	kit: {
-		adapter: adapter()
-	}
+	kit: {}
 };
 
 export default config;
diff --git a/packages/kit/test/build-errors/apps/prerenderable-not-prerendered/vite.config.js b/packages/kit/test/build-errors/apps/prerenderable-not-prerendered/vite.config.js
index 3f12d3677ea6..0a6fb79b39ef 100644
--- a/packages/kit/test/build-errors/apps/prerenderable-not-prerendered/vite.config.js
+++ b/packages/kit/test/build-errors/apps/prerenderable-not-prerendered/vite.config.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import * as path from 'node:path';
 import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
+import adapter from '../../../../../adapter-auto/index.js';
 
 /** @type {import('vite').UserConfig} */
 const config = {
@@ -11,7 +12,11 @@ const config = {
 
 	logLevel: 'silent',
 
-	plugins: [sveltekit()],
+	plugins: [
+		sveltekit({
+			adapter: adapter()
+		})
+	],
 
 	server: {
 		fs: {
diff --git a/packages/kit/test/build-errors/prerender.spec.js b/packages/kit/test/build-errors/prerender.spec.js
index e788055bac8b..09be3d111de6 100644
--- a/packages/kit/test/build-errors/prerender.spec.js
+++ b/packages/kit/test/build-errors/prerender.spec.js
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import { assert, test } from 'vitest';
 import { execSync } from 'node:child_process';
 import path from 'node:path';
-import { EOL } from 'node:os';
 
 const timeout = 60_000;
 
@@ -25,7 +24,7 @@ test('entry generators should match their own route', { timeout }, () => {
 				stdio: 'pipe',
 				timeout
 			}),
-		`Error: The entries export from /[slug]/[notSpecific] generated entry /whatever/specific, which was matched by /[slug]/specific - see the \`handleEntryGeneratorMismatch\` option in https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/configuration#prerender for more info.${EOL}To suppress or handle this error, implement \`handleEntryGeneratorMismatch\` in https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/configuration#prerender`
+		/Error: The entries export from \/\[slug\]\/\[notSpecific\] generated entry \/whatever\/specific, which was matched by \/\[slug\]\/specific - see the `handleEntryGeneratorMismatch` option in https:\/\/svelte\.dev\/docs\/kit\/configuration#prerender for more info\.\r?\nTo suppress or handle this error, implement `handleEntryGeneratorMismatch` in https:\/\/svelte\.dev\/docs\/kit\/configuration#prerender/
 	);
 });
 
diff --git a/packages/kit/test/prerendering/basics/svelte.config.js b/packages/kit/test/prerendering/basics/svelte.config.js
index da247d1b0ab9..f75006c4b8bc 100644
--- a/packages/kit/test/prerendering/basics/svelte.config.js
+++ b/packages/kit/test/prerendering/basics/svelte.config.js
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
-import adapter from '../../../../adapter-static/index.js';
 import { writeFileSync } from 'node:fs';
 
 /** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */
 const config = {
 	kit: {
-		adapter: adapter(),
-
 		prerender: {
 			handleHttpError: 'warn',
 			origin: 'http://prerender.origin',
diff --git a/packages/kit/test/prerendering/basics/vite.config.js b/packages/kit/test/prerendering/basics/vite.config.js
index 253a50dc5b65..5037f8784efe 100644
--- a/packages/kit/test/prerendering/basics/vite.config.js
+++ b/packages/kit/test/prerendering/basics/vite.config.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import * as path from 'node:path';
 import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
+import adapter from '../../../../adapter-static/index.js';
 
 /** @type {import('vitest/config').ViteUserConfig} */
 const config = {
@@ -11,7 +12,11 @@ const config = {
 
 	logLevel: 'silent',
 
-	plugins: [sveltekit()],
+	plugins: [
+		sveltekit({
+			adapter: adapter()
+		})
+	],
 
 	define: {
 		'process.env.MY_ENV': '"MY_ENV DEFINED"'
diff --git a/packages/kit/test/prerendering/options/svelte.config.js b/packages/kit/test/prerendering/options/svelte.config.js
index 4117f748ad4e..e336ef98f99d 100644
--- a/packages/kit/test/prerendering/options/svelte.config.js
+++ b/packages/kit/test/prerendering/options/svelte.config.js
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-import adapter from '../../../../adapter-static/index.js';
-
 /** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */
 const config = {
 	compilerOptions: {
@@ -9,10 +7,6 @@ const config = {
 	},
 
 	kit: {
-		adapter: adapter({
-			fallback: '200.html'
-		}),
-
 		csp: {
 			directives: {
 				'script-src': ['self']
diff --git a/packages/kit/test/prerendering/options/vite.config.js b/packages/kit/test/prerendering/options/vite.config.js
index 4b90a7655ee5..5f7960359333 100644
--- a/packages/kit/test/prerendering/options/vite.config.js
+++ b/packages/kit/test/prerendering/options/vite.config.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import * as path from 'node:path';
 import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
+import adapter from '../../../../adapter-static/index.js';
 
 /** @type {import('vite').UserConfig} */
 const config = {
@@ -11,7 +12,13 @@ const config = {
 
 	logLevel: 'silent',
 
-	plugins: [sveltekit()],
+	plugins: [
+		sveltekit({
+			adapter: adapter({
+				fallback: '200.html'
+			})
+		})
+	],
 
 	server: {
 		fs: {
diff --git a/packages/kit/test/prerendering/paths-base/svelte.config.js b/packages/kit/test/prerendering/paths-base/svelte.config.js
index 27e3e4661b69..71cf6f393a37 100644
--- a/packages/kit/test/prerendering/paths-base/svelte.config.js
+++ b/packages/kit/test/prerendering/paths-base/svelte.config.js
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
-import adapter from '../../../../adapter-static/index.js';
-
 /** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */
 const config = {
 	kit: {
-		adapter: adapter(),
-
 		paths: {
 			base: '/path-base',
 			relative: false
diff --git a/packages/kit/test/prerendering/paths-base/vite.config.js b/packages/kit/test/prerendering/paths-base/vite.config.js
index 2857b2592d11..b03a03e20913 100644
--- a/packages/kit/test/prerendering/paths-base/vite.config.js
+++ b/packages/kit/test/prerendering/paths-base/vite.config.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import * as path from 'node:path';
 import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
+import adapter from '../../../../adapter-static/index.js';
 
 /** @type {import('vite').UserConfig} */
 const config = {
@@ -13,7 +14,11 @@ const config = {
 
 	logLevel: 'silent',
 
-	plugins: [sveltekit()],
+	plugins: [
+		sveltekit({
+			adapter: adapter()
+		})
+	],
 
 	server: {
 		fs: {
diff --git a/packages/kit/types/index.d.ts b/packages/kit/types/index.d.ts
index 1e14b713aa1b..e74da84c0398 100644
--- a/packages/kit/types/index.d.ts
+++ b/packages/kit/types/index.d.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 declare module '@sveltejs/kit' {
 	import type { SvelteConfig } from '@sveltejs/vite-plugin-svelte';
 	import type { StandardSchemaV1 } from '@standard-schema/spec';
+	import type { PluginOption } from 'vite';
 	import type { RouteId as AppRouteId, LayoutParams as AppLayoutParams, ResolvedPathname } from '$app/types';
 	// @ts-ignore this is an optional peer dependency so could be missing. Written like this so dts-buddy preserves the ts-ignore
 	type Span = import('@opentelemetry/api').Span;
@@ -37,11 +38,14 @@ declare module '@sveltejs/kit' {
 			 */
 			instrumentation?: () => boolean;
 		};
-		/**
-		 * Creates an `Emulator`, which allows the adapter to influence the environment
-		 * during dev, build and prerendering.
-		 */
-		emulate?: () => MaybePromise<Emulator>;
+		vite?: {
+			/**
+			 * Add a Vite plugin here to replace the default Node SSR environment.
+			 * The provided Vite plugins should configure the dev and preview servers
+			 * @since 3.0.0
+			 */
+			plugins?: PluginOption;
+		};
 	}
 
 	export type LoadProperties<input extends Record<string, any> | void> = input extends void
@@ -78,6 +82,12 @@ declare module '@sveltejs/kit' {
 				? undefined // needs to be undefined, because void will corrupt union type
 				: T;
 
+	export interface ManifestGenerationOptions {
+		/** A relative path to the base directory of the server build output */
+		relativePath: string;
+		routes?: RouteDefinition[];
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * This object is passed to the `adapt` function of adapters.
 	 * It contains various methods and properties that are useful for adapting the app.
@@ -121,9 +131,8 @@ declare module '@sveltejs/kit' {
 
 		/**
 		 * Generate a server-side manifest to initialise the SvelteKit [server](https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/@sveltejs-kit#Server) with.
-		 * @param opts a relative path to the base directory of the app and optionally in which format (esm or cjs) the manifest should be generated
 		 */
-		generateManifest: (opts: { relativePath: string; routes?: RouteDefinition[] }) => string;
+		generateManifest: (opts: ManifestGenerationOptions) => string;
 
 		/**
 		 * Resolve a path to the `name` directory inside `outDir`, e.g. `/path/to/.svelte-kit/my-adapter`.
@@ -283,21 +292,12 @@ declare module '@sveltejs/kit' {
 		serialize: (name: string, value: string, opts: import('cookie').SerializeOptions) => string;
 	}
 
-	/**
-	 * A collection of functions that influence the environment during dev, build and prerendering
-	 */
-	export interface Emulator {
-		/**
-		 * A function that is called with the current route `config` and `prerender` option
-		 * and returns an `App.Platform` object
-		 */
-		platform?(details: { config: any; prerender: PrerenderOption }): MaybePromise<App.Platform>;
-	}
-
 	export interface KitConfig {
+		// TODO: remove this in 4.0
 		/**
 		 * Your [adapter](https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/adapters) is run when executing `vite build`. It determines how the output is converted for different platforms.
 		 * @default undefined
+		 * @deprecated removed in 3.0.0. Adapters should now be passed to the `sveltekit` Vite plugin in `vite.config.js`
 		 */
 		adapter?: Adapter;
 		/**
@@ -883,6 +883,15 @@ declare module '@sveltejs/kit' {
 		};
 	}
 
+	export interface KitViteConfig {
+		/**
+		 * Your [adapter](https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/adapters) is run when executing `vite build`. It determines how the output is converted for different platforms.
+		 * @since 3.0.0
+		 * @default undefined
+		 */
+		adapter?: Adapter;
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * The [`handle`](https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/hooks#Server-hooks-handle) hook runs every time the SvelteKit server receives a [request](https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/web-standards#Fetch-APIs-Request) and
 	 * determines the [response](https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/web-standards#Fetch-APIs-Response).
@@ -1619,19 +1628,25 @@ declare module '@sveltejs/kit' {
 		read?: (file: string) => MaybePromise<ReadableStream | null>;
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Required to instantiate `Server` with project specific information
+	 */
 	export interface SSRManifest {
+		/** The directory where SvelteKit keeps its stuff, including static assets (such as JS and CSS) and internally-used routes. */
 		appDir: string;
+		/** The `base` and `appDir` settings combined without a leading slash. */
 		appPath: string;
+		base: string;
 		/** Static files from `kit.config.files.assets` and the service worker (if any). */
 		assets: Set<string>;
 		mimeTypes: Record<string, string>;
 
-		/** private fields */
+		/** @internal private fields */
 		_: {
 			client: NonNullable<BuildData['client']>;
 			nodes: SSRNodeLoader[];
 			/** hashed filename -> import to that file */
-			remotes: Record<string, () => Promise<any>>;
+			remotes: Record<string, () => Promise<{ default: Record<string, any> }>>;
 			routes: SSRRoute[];
 			prerendered_routes: Set<string>;
 			matchers: () => Promise<Record<string, ParamMatcher>>;
@@ -2508,8 +2523,11 @@ declare module '@sveltejs/kit' {
 	}
 
 	interface BuildData {
+		/** The _app directory configured. */
 		app_dir: string;
+		/** Path to the _app directory, including any base path. */
 		app_path: string;
+		base: string;
 		manifest_data: ManifestData;
 		out_dir: string;
 		service_worker: string | null;
@@ -2550,6 +2568,9 @@ declare module '@sveltejs/kit' {
 		server_manifest: import('vite').Manifest;
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Used to construct the SSR manifest
+	 */
 	interface ManifestData {
 		/** Static files from `kit.config.files.assets`. */
 		assets: Asset[];
@@ -2736,9 +2757,8 @@ declare module '@sveltejs/kit' {
 		extensions: string[];
 	};
 
-	type ValidatedKitConfig = Omit<RecursiveRequired<KitConfig>, 'adapter'> & {
-		adapter?: Adapter;
-	};
+	// TODO: remove the omit in 4.0
+	type ValidatedKitConfig = Omit<RecursiveRequired<KitConfig>, 'adapter'>;
 	/**
 	 * Throws an error with a HTTP status code and an optional message.
 	 * When called during request handling, this will cause SvelteKit to
@@ -2977,11 +2997,12 @@ declare module '@sveltejs/kit/node' {
 }
 
 declare module '@sveltejs/kit/vite' {
-	import type { Plugin } from 'vite';
+	import type { KitViteConfig } from '@sveltejs/kit';
+	import type { PluginOption } from 'vite';
 	/**
 	 * Returns the SvelteKit Vite plugins.
 	 * */
-	export function sveltekit(): Promise<Plugin[]>;
+	export function sveltekit(config?: KitViteConfig): Promise<PluginOption[]>;
 
 	export {};
 }
@@ -3671,6 +3692,7 @@ declare namespace App {
 	/**
 	 * The interface that defines `event.locals`, which can be accessed in server [hooks](https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/hooks) (`handle`, and `handleError`), server-only `load` functions, and `+server.js` files.
 	 */
+	// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-empty-object-type
 	export interface Locals {}
 
 	/**
@@ -3678,16 +3700,19 @@ declare namespace App {
 	 * The `Load` and `ServerLoad` functions in `./$types` will be narrowed accordingly.
 	 * Use optional properties for data that is only present on specific pages. Do not add an index signature (`[key: string]: any`).
 	 */
+	// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-empty-object-type
 	export interface PageData {}
 
 	/**
 	 * The shape of the `page.state` object, which can be manipulated using the [`pushState`](https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/$app-navigation#pushState) and [`replaceState`](https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/$app-navigation#replaceState) functions from `$app/navigation`.
 	 */
+	// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-empty-object-type
 	export interface PageState {}
 
 	/**
 	 * If your adapter provides [platform-specific context](https://svelte.dev/docs/kit/adapters#Platform-specific-context) via `event.platform`, you can specify it here.
 	 */
+	// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-empty-object-type
 	export interface Platform {}
 }
 
@@ -3787,4 +3812,57 @@ declare module '$app/types' {
 	export type Asset = ReturnType<AppTypes['Asset']>;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Exports the `Server` class for creating custom server entry points.
+ * @example
+ * ```js
+ * import { env } from 'sveltekit:env';
+ * import { Server } from 'sveltekit:server';
+ * import { manifest } from 'sveltekit:server-manifest';
+ *
+ * const server = new Server(manifest);
+ *
+ * await server.init({ env });
+ * ```
+ */
+declare module 'sveltekit:server' {
+	export { Server } from '@sveltejs/kit';
+}
+
+/**
+ * Exports the SSR manifest used to initialise the server.
+ * @example
+ * ```js
+ * import { env } from 'sveltekit:env';
+ * import { Server } from 'sveltekit:server';
+ * import { manifest } from 'sveltekit:server-manifest';
+ *
+ * const server = new Server(manifest);
+ *
+ * await server.init({ env });
+ * ```
+ */
+declare module 'sveltekit:server-manifest' {
+	import { SSRManifest } from '@sveltejs/kit';
+
+	export const manifest: SSRManifest;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Exports the environment variables loaded by Vite. Used when initialising the server.
+ * @example
+ * ```js
+ * import { env } from 'sveltekit:env';
+ * import { Server } from 'sveltekit:server';
+ * import { manifest } from 'sveltekit:server-manifest';
+ *
+ * const server = new Server(manifest);
+ *
+ * await server.init({ env });
+ * ```
+ */
+declare module 'sveltekit:env' {
+	export const env: Record<string, string>;
+}
+
 //# sourceMappingURL=index.d.ts.map
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/playgrounds/basic/svelte.config.js b/playgrounds/basic/svelte.config.js
index 28802f1064e9..d5098a971446 100644
--- a/playgrounds/basic/svelte.config.js
+++ b/playgrounds/basic/svelte.config.js
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-import adapter from '@sveltejs/adapter-node';
-
 /** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */
 const config = {
 	compilerOptions: {
@@ -9,7 +7,6 @@ const config = {
 	},
 
 	kit: {
-		adapter: adapter(),
 		experimental: {
 			remoteFunctions: true
 		}
diff --git a/playgrounds/basic/vite.config.js b/playgrounds/basic/vite.config.js
index e9e130ab87a3..2611ae699ea3 100644
--- a/playgrounds/basic/vite.config.js
+++ b/playgrounds/basic/vite.config.js
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
+import adapter from '@sveltejs/adapter-node';
 import { enhancedImages } from '@sveltejs/enhanced-img';
 import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
 
 export default {
-	plugins: [enhancedImages(), sveltekit()],
+	plugins: [enhancedImages(), sveltekit({ adapter: adapter() })],
 	server: {
 		fs: {
 			allow: ['../../packages/kit']