diff --git a/gkr_iop/src/gkr/layer.rs b/gkr_iop/src/gkr/layer.rs
index ebf279b11..4e0fa3020 100644
--- a/gkr_iop/src/gkr/layer.rs
+++ b/gkr_iop/src/gkr/layer.rs
@@ -337,6 +337,22 @@ impl<E: ExtensionField> Layer<E> {
         assert_eq!(w_record_evals.len(), w_len);
         assert_eq!(lookup_evals.len(), lk_len);
         assert_eq!(zero_evals.len(), zero_len);
+        // Construction of output-evaluation groups used by the main zerocheck:
+        // - Read group (`r_selector`):      sel_r(x) * (r_i(x) - 1) = (claim^r_i - 1)
+        // - Write group (`w_selector`):     sel_w(x) * (w_i(x) - 1) = (claim^w_i - 1)
+        // - Lookup group (`lk_selector`):   sel_lk(x) * f_i(x) = claim^lk_i
+        //   where f_i is normalized to absorb lookup padding alpha:
+        //     non-negated: f_i = lookup_i - alpha, claim^lk_i = claim_i - alpha
+        //     negated:     f_i = lookup_i + alpha, claim^lk_i = alpha - claim_i
+        // - Rotation groups (3 groups): left/right/target claims, each one eq-selected.
+        // - ECC bridge groups (5 groups): x/y/slope/x3/y3 claims, each one selector-separated.
+        // - Zero group (`zero_selector`):  sel_0(x) * z_i(x) = 0  (encoded via EvalExpression::Zero).
+        //
+        // The final batched main-sumcheck polynomial is formed as:
+        //   p(x) = Σ_g sel_g(x) * (Σ_i α^{offset(g,i)} * (expr_{g,i}(x) - eval_{g,i})).
+        // `offset(g,i)` is the global challenge-power index of the i-th expression in group g,
+        // i.e. the contiguous position after flattening all groups in `expr_evals` order.
+        // Here, `expr_evals` below constructs (g -> {(expr_{g,i}, eval_{g,i})_i}) for all groups.
 
         let rotation_expr_len = cb.cs.rotations.len() * ROTATION_OPENING_COUNT;
         let ecc_bridge_expr_len = if cb.cs.ec_point_exprs.is_empty() {
diff --git a/gkr_iop/src/gkr/layer/cpu/mod.rs b/gkr_iop/src/gkr/layer/cpu/mod.rs
index de12967a1..9269ff856 100644
--- a/gkr_iop/src/gkr/layer/cpu/mod.rs
+++ b/gkr_iop/src/gkr/layer/cpu/mod.rs
@@ -129,7 +129,12 @@ impl<E: ExtensionField, PCS: PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E>> ZerocheckLayerProver
             selector_ctxs.len()
         );
 
-        // Main sumcheck: constraints are fully unified in out_sel_and_eval_exprs.
+        // Main sumcheck batches smaller selector-group sumchecks.
+        // Per group g (from `out_sel_and_eval_exprs`):
+        //   p_g(x) = sel_g(x) * Σ_j (α_{2+offset(g,j)} * expr_{g,j}(x)),
+        //   S_g = Σ_{x in {0,1}^n} p_g(x).
+        // For zerocheck constraints (from each chip), S_g is expected to be 0.
+        // The batched polynomial is p(x) = Σ_g p_g(x), so Σ_x p(x) = Σ_g S_g = 0.
         let span = entered_span!("build_out_points_eq", profiling_4 = true);
         let main_sumcheck_challenges = chain!(
             challenges.iter().copied(),
diff --git a/gkr_iop/src/gkr/layer/gpu/mod.rs b/gkr_iop/src/gkr/layer/gpu/mod.rs
index 14372729e..072f89156 100644
--- a/gkr_iop/src/gkr/layer/gpu/mod.rs
+++ b/gkr_iop/src/gkr/layer/gpu/mod.rs
@@ -98,7 +98,12 @@ impl<E: ExtensionField, PCS: PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E>> ZerocheckLayerProver
             out_points.len(),
         );
 
-        // Main sumcheck: constraints are fully unified in out_sel_and_eval_exprs.
+        // Main sumcheck batches smaller selector-group sumchecks.
+        // Per group g (from `out_sel_and_eval_exprs`):
+        //   p_g(x) = sel_g(x) * Σ_j (α_{2+offset(g,j)} * expr_{g,j}(x)),
+        //   S_g = Σ_{x in {0,1}^n} p_g(x).
+        // For zerocheck constraints (from each chip), S_g is expected to be 0.
+        // The batched polynomial is p(x) = Σ_g p_g(x), so Σ_x p(x) = Σ_g S_g = 0.
         let main_sumcheck_challenges = chain!(
             challenges.iter().copied(),
             get_challenge_pows(layer.exprs.len(), transcript)
diff --git a/gkr_iop/src/gkr/layer/zerocheck_layer.rs b/gkr_iop/src/gkr/layer/zerocheck_layer.rs
index 2ac2cb2b6..23dd1ac8a 100644
--- a/gkr_iop/src/gkr/layer/zerocheck_layer.rs
+++ b/gkr_iop/src/gkr/layer/zerocheck_layer.rs
@@ -143,7 +143,15 @@ impl<E: ExtensionField> ZerocheckLayer<E> for Layer<E> {
             })
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-        // build main sumcheck expression
+        // Build the concrete main-sumcheck polynomial by batching smaller sumchecks.
+        // For each selector group g with expressions expr_{g,0..k-1}, define:
+        //   p_g(x) = sel_g(x) * Σ_j (α_{2+offset(g,j)} * expr_{g,j}(x)).
+        // The corresponding smaller sumcheck target is:
+        //   S_g = Σ_{x in {0,1}^n} p_g(x).
+        // For zerocheck constraints contributed by each chip, the expected target is S_g = 0.
+        // Main sumcheck batches them into:
+        //   p(x) = Σ_g p_g(x), so Σ_{x in {0,1}^n} p(x) = Σ_g S_g = 0.
+        // `rlc_zero_expr` returns the per-group p_g terms, then we sum them into p.
         let alpha_pows_expr = (2..)
             .take(self.exprs.len())
             .map(|id| Expression::Challenge(id as ChallengeId, 1, E::ONE, E::ZERO))